内省主义

Its root is philosophy, that is, philosophy is the sources of cognitive science. Theoretically,cognitive science comes through from metaphysics to psychological experiment, from introspectionism to behaviorism, from cognitivism to connectionism and computational-representationism. Methodologically,cognitive science takes on from introspective examination to behavior analysis, from mental reduction to functional construction, from symbolic operation to arti...

认知科学根源于哲学，同时又包含着许多哲学问题；在理论上，认知科学经历了从形而上学思辨到心理实验，从内省主义到行为主义，从认知主义到联结主义、计算表征主义综合的范式更替；在方法上，表现出从内省审查到行为分析、从心理还原到功能建构、从符号运算到人工神经网络的转变。

First of all, this selected title draws lessons from doctrine critical theories of women, pass thebrief retrospect of women"s literature of modern times at China, it is analyzed that Zhang Ailing writesfrom the May Fourth Movement period women from spontaneous to the conscientious importantmeaning in the history of China"s modern womens literature, awakened the fanaticism of one to calmclose examination and introspection, and recessiveness builds the efforts to construct subjects ofwomen.

首先，本选题借鉴女性主义批评理论，通过对中国现代女性文学的简要回顾，分析张爱玲在中国现代女性文学史上，从五四时期女性书写由自发到自觉的重要意义，即由觉醒期的狂热到冷静的审视和内省，以及隐性建构女性主体的努力。

Structuralism – was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind, and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at one's own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images, sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had down with chemicals.

构造主义是由冯特倡导的第一个心理学流派。他主张，心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该采用内省法（个体向内省察自身的意识经验）进行研究。之所以采用这种方法，为的是像化学这门自然科学对待化学物质那样将意识拆分为组成它的，诸如意象、感觉与情感等"成分"。

His marvellous breakthrough contribution is that he regards philosophy as an activity, other than a theoretical system; he tries to blaze a middle road between behaviourism and introspectivism by means of private language confirmation.

维特根斯坦的突破性贡献是，他把哲学看作是一种活动，而不是理论体系；通过私人语言论证，试图在行为主义和内省主义之间开辟一条中间道路。

Drawing more heavily here than elsewhere on the work of other scholars, Lamont offers potted histories of the various disciplines, and so we hear echoes of the old jeremiads against postmodernism and "French theory," and we hear once more about the canon wars in English, the reflexive turn in anthropology, and, in political science, the rise of rational choice. We hear the old misleading statistics as well.

拉蒙描述了不同学科的堕落史，所以我们听到上年纪的悲观预言者反对后现代主义和&法国理论&的回声，我们再次听到了英语系中更多关于经典的战争，人类学、政治学中&内省的转向&，理性选择的兴起（我们听到古老的误导人的统计数字。

Behaviourism leaves out of account consciousness and introspection .

行为主义不把意识和内省考虑在内。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。