内热

With the establishmentof the equivalent medium model, RTM-DRE was applied to study radiative transfer intransparent medium with scattering particles. By taking into account of absorption andscatter of particles, absorption of binder and reflection of interface, the apparent spectrumabsorption model of thermal control coatings was developed by RTM-DRE combined withMies theory. Validity, computational error and time of the model were validated andanalyzed. Furthermore, the apparent spectrum absorption characteristics of thermal controlcoatings were studied, and the influences of optical characteristics of binder and particles,volume fraction of particles, particles diameter, characteristics of interface, and incidentangle of irradiance were analyzed.

采用RTM-DRE研究热控涂层内辐射传递，结合Mie氏散射理论，考虑粒子吸收与散射、基料吸收、界面反射等因素影响，建立热控涂层表观光谱吸收率计算模型，验证计算模型的正确性，分析计算模型的计算误差与计算时间；在此基础上，通过计算热控涂层表观光谱吸收率来研究热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性，分析基料与粒子光学特性、粒子体积份额、粒径、界面反射特性、辐射能量入射角等因素的影响，初步研究空间环境因素对热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性的影响，采用系统灵敏度理论定量分析热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性变化对卫星温度的影响。

The thermodynamic equation of state and a p V T equation for liquids were used to develop improved methods for calculating the internal pressure and the molar heat capacity at constant volume of liquids.

为获得液体内压和摩尔定容热容的准确数据，以热力学状态方程和一个液体的 p-V-T方程为基础，提出了液体内压的计算方法以及如何由液体的摩尔定压热容推算摩尔定容热容。

The temperature distribution was mainly influenced by the initial pressure of pressurizer under the condition of CMT drainage with sparger, the higher the pressure is, the thicker the hot water layer.

通过对CMT内水的轴向温度分析，发现CMT内的流体具有热分层特性，即上部为热水层，下部为冷水层，热水层内温度变化剧烈，吸收了蒸汽在液面凝结放出的大部分热量。

According to the variation in the components of intermediateacid igneous rocks coming from the lower crust, it is possible to restrain the depth of the source area and the minimum thickness of the crust, and thus to provide important information for the study of the deep process of the continental intraplate mineralizationGlobally, many world level porphyry copper deposits and metallogenic systems formed by hypabyssal hot liquid have their close relationship with the synchronous adakite in spacetime and genesis; domestically, the adakitelike rocks have been identified to be related to the metallogenesis in the main metallogenic areas in ChinaThe recognition of adakitelike rocks having no relationship with the process of subduction makes it possible to construct a metallogenic model of continental intraplate porphyry metal deposits by combining other geological evidences, and this model is totally different from the metallogenic model of porphyry copper deposits with Bsubduction setting constructed by Sillitoe (1972)The existence of adakitelike rocks may be the necessary condition but not the sufficient one for forming the largescale porphyry deposits and the hypabyssal hotliquid deposits, whose metallogenic elements mainly came from the mantleThe metallogenic potential of adakitelike rocks is achieved by the entering of the mantle material, and the metallogenic specialization of adakitelike rocks is decided by the distribution characteristics of the metallogenic elements in the upper mantleAn important reason for the adakitelike magma related to subduction being advantageous to mineralization is that there were abundant high pressure and high temperature liquid coming from the subducted platepieces and the magma of high fO2 coming from the melting of subducted platepiecesHowever, for those adakitelike rocks, whose occurrence has continental plate background but does not relate to the subduction, their metallogenic mechanism is not clear yetBased on the concept of modern mineral exploration and combined with the analysis of integrated geological information, we may better realize the practical prospecting significance of the adakitelike rocks

根据起源于下地壳的中酸性岩浆岩的成分变化，可以约束其源区深度以及地壳最小厚度，为大陆板内成矿作用的深部过程研究提供重要信息。全球范围内，许多世界级斑岩铜矿和浅成热液矿化系统与同期的埃达克质岩存在密切的时空与成因联系，在国内主要成矿区带也识别出与金属成矿作用有关的埃达克岩。与俯冲过程无关的埃达克质岩的识别，使我们有可能结合其他地质证据构建完全不同于Sillitoe(1972)B型俯冲环境的斑岩铜矿成矿模式的大陆板内斑岩型金属矿床成矿模式。对于规模巨大、矿质主要源自地幔的热液矿床的形成，埃达克岩可能是必要条件，但不是充分条件。埃达克岩的成矿潜力通过地幔物质加入而获取，埃达克岩的成矿专属性由上地幔成矿元素分布特征决定。与俯冲有关的埃达克质岩浆之所以有利于成矿，重要的原因是存在大量来自俯冲板片的高压、高温流体以及俯冲板片熔融形成高氧逸度(fO2)的熔体，但产出在大陆板内背景、与俯冲无关的埃达克岩的成矿机制还不清楚。根据现代资源勘查理念，结合综合地质信息分析，埃达克质岩具有实际找矿意义。

By using multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance method we have studied the folding mechanism of staphylococcal nuclease in vitro; the tertiary interactions for folding of SNase fragments into native-like conformation; the interaction between SNase N- and C-terminal subunits; the relationship of enzyme activity with folding and dynamic states of SNase; the structural properties of enzyme protein while exert its function. We have studied the internal motions of thermophilic Archaea protein Ssh10b and mechanism of its heat-resistance using the NMR 1H-15N relaxation and H/D exchange methods. We have determined the 3D solution structure of human translationally controlled tumor protein TCTP and the Ca2+-binding site; determined the 3D crystal structure of human mitoNEET, a novel protein from distinct groups of iron-sulfur proteins; determined the 3D solution structure of a novel chromatin protein Cren7. Determination of SNase-DNA and Archaea protein-DNA complex structures are in progress.

运用异核多维核磁共振方法研究了金黄色葡萄球菌酶体外折叠机制，酶蛋白片段体外折叠成类天然溶液三维构象的三级相互作用力，酶蛋白亚基间的相互作用，酶蛋白的折叠以及内运动状态与酶活力的关系，酶蛋白发挥功能时的结构特性；运用NMR的1H-15N 驰豫和H/D交换方法研究了嗜热古菌蛋白质Ssh10b双体结构内运动特性，热稳定性机制；确定了人翻译控制的肿瘤蛋白TCTP蛋白的溶液三维结构及其钙离子的结合部位；确定了一类新的铁硫蛋白家族蛋白人线粒体膜上mitoNEET蛋白的晶体结构；确定了一个新型的染色质蛋白Cren7的溶液三维结构；正在研究金黄色葡萄球菌酶及嗜热古菌蛋白质与DNA复合体的溶液三维结构。

FLUENT-CFD Software is used to simulate the flow and heat transfer in a rectangular passage with the arrays of circle-shaped, similar-drop-shaped, elliptic-shaped and water drop-shaped columns.

运用FLUENTCFD商用软件对装有圆形、准水滴形、椭圆形和水滴形4种扰流柱叉排阵列矩形通道内的流动和换热进行了三维数值模拟，获得了通道内流场、压力场以及局部对流换热系数分布的基本特征，并对扰流柱通道的换热特性和压力损失特性进行了对比分析。

Based on it, the computation method of steam temperature deviation of superheaters and reheaters and the inversion method of their wall metallic temperature in furnace are deduced, and applied in several boilers.

本文通过对过热器和再热器烟气侧对流与辐射复合换热过程的分析，建立了过热器和再热器各受热管段烟气侧局部传热的物理数学模型，导出了适用于大型电站锅炉过热器和再热器的出口汽温计算及炉内管壁金属温度的反演方法。

By means of numerical simulation in different heat conduction processes,the steady-state temperature field in upper arm skin tissue,the temperature distribution and the burn depth threshold after 15 s exposure to a heat source at 90 ℃,the su...

通过数值模拟，获得了不同皮肤组织结构模型下上臂皮肤组织内的稳态温度场和90℃高温热源作用15 s后皮肤组织内的温度分布，以及皮肤组织热损伤深度的变化、常热流作用下皮肤组织表面的温升曲线和表面绝热条件下皮肤组织内的稳态温升分布。研究结果表明，皮肤组织的多层传热数学模型更能真实地描述皮肤组织内的传热过程，因此值得在实际工作中推广应用。

Refining grain behavior of the heat affected zone of E36 high strength low alloy steel was studied, when E36 steel was welded by three wires submerged arc welding with 110 kJ/cm large heat input.

研究了焊接热输入为110kJ/cm三丝埋弧自动焊E36高强度低合金钢热影响区的晶粒细化行为；用自动图像分析仪测量了焊接热影响区诱导晶内铁素体形核夹杂物的大小、分布；用透射电镜观察了具有自细化行为晶内铁素体的形貌。

To understand the different heat transfer characteristics of regenerative cooling in plug nozzle at different operating conditions, computational model of two dimensional plug nozzle and internal nozzle were established and numerical simulation was employed. Heat transfer results of the internal nozzle and the parameter distribution at the outlet were obtained. Flowfield and heat transfer characteristics of the plug at different operating conditions with different coolant flow rates were investigated.

为了解塞式喷管发动机高低空不同的再生冷却换热特性，分别对二维型面内喷管和塞锥建立计算模型，采用数值模拟的方法，得出内喷管的冷却换热结果和出口参数，重点研究了塞锥在地面和设计点工作时的不同换热特性及其冷却剂流量的影响。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。