内分泌腺

Objective To observe the changes of the endocrine function and the ultrastructure of adrenocorticotrophic hormone cells in the rat＇ s pituitary gland treated with integripetal rhodiola herb under chronic hypoxia.

目的 观察红景天对慢性缺氧下大鼠腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素细胞超微结构和内分泌功能的变化，探讨在慢性缺氧下红景天对ACTH细胞分泌功能的影响及其在机体缺氧应激反应中的作用。

We report a case of high grade large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma concomitant with tubulovillous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater.

本文报告一个壶腹部高级大细胞型神经内分泌癌并生绒毛管状腺瘤的病例。

Methods Tissue arrayer was used to create a 252-dot tissue microarray, consisting of 84 cases of malignant lymphomas arising in esophagus, stomach, intestines, thyroid, saliva gland , orbital cavity and lung, Seven cases of diffuse large B cell lymphomas,9 adenocarcinomas, 1 neuroendocrine tumor,1 squamous carcinoma, 6 T-cell lymphomas and 18 reactive lymphoid nodes were also included as control in the microarray.

建立包含84例MALT型淋巴瘤、7例弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、9例腺癌、1例神经内分泌肿瘤、1例鳞癌、6例T细胞性非何杰金淋巴瘤和18例正常淋巴结共252点阵的组织芯片，应用免疫组织化学检测Ki-67、TopoⅡα、p53、Bcl-2、Bax、C-myc和Bcl-10在MALT型淋巴瘤中的表达情况。

The complexus of X organ and sinus gland was the main part of the neurosecretory of eyestalk.The X organ,which contained type I～VI neurosecretory cells,was located optic ganglion and was single nerve cell.

结果表明，克氏原螯虾眼柄神经内分泌系统主要组成部分为X器官-窦腺复合体。X器官分布在视神经节上，由I~VI型6种神经分泌细胞构成，均为单级神经元。I~VI型分泌细胞类型及数量在不同生长期存在差异。

During evolution, networks of gene groups are constructing of genomic stability, genetic co-adaptation and self-organization of genomes. Cytogenesis of endocrine cells within pituitary is in respond to hormones stimulation, and involved in induced expression of a serial transcription factors.

腺垂体干细胞分化成5种不同的内分泌细胞系，受上丘脑和性腺、胰岛细胞等激素的调控，涉及系列转录因子的诱导表达，成为细胞系发生研究的模型。

It is a Intracellular Signaling Mechanism as neurocirculatory activator, but also powerfully to activate Hypophysis including adenohypothysis and NeuroHypophysis,Neuroendocrine Cell as NeuroHormonal Regulator for rejuvenescence,and furthermore enable to prevent from Central Pain Syndrome,Psychiatric Disorder and Melancholia.http://neurosignals.

这是一个细胞内信号传递机制作为神经循环系统的启动，而且也有力地启动脑垂体包括腺垂体和神经垂体，神经内分泌细胞作为神经体液调节，返老还童，恢复活力rejuvenescence，而且还能够防止中枢性疼痛症候群、精神障碍和抑郁症

Since its discovery, vitamin A has been shown to be pivotal in several bodily functions: formation of "visual purple" which allows us to see partially in low light; maintenance of healthy vision and proper eye function; repair and maintenance of epithelial tissues, especially those of the skin and mucous membranes; maintenance of the endocrine system, especially the thyroid gland; proper utilization of dietary proteins; and stimulation of the thymus gland, a major part of the immune system.

由于其发现，维生素A已被证明可在几个举足轻重的身体机能：形成"视觉紫色"让我们看到部分在光线较暗的；维护健康的理想和正确的眼睛功能；修理和保养上皮组织，尤其是那些对皮肤和粘膜膜；保养内分泌系统，特别是甲状腺；适当利用膳食蛋白质类；和刺激胸腺，一个主要部分免疫系统。

We found, GLP-1-IR cells in various guts of rat, pig and foetus of human with distribution scatteredly among the basal portion of intestinal glands. The cell shape corresponded with open type cells, i.e. L-cells. The density of GLP-1-IR cells was different in races, but the distribution regularity of GLP-1-IR cells was same. It showed that a continuous increase from the proximal to the distal portion of small and bowel.

结果发现：在各段肠管都可见到GLP-1-IR细胞；GLP-1-IR细胞散在于肠腺的柱状上皮细胞之间，多位于肠腺的基底部，呈开放型内分泌细胞形态，即L细胞；不同种属问GLP-1-IR细胞密度不同，但分布规律相同，即自小肠和大肠的近端向远端逐渐增大。

Six cases were malignant, including 2 malignant neuroendocrinoma in sphenoidal sinus, 1 adenoidocystic carcinoma, 1 sphenoidal sinus low differentiated carcinoma, 1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma extending into sella, 1 lung cancer metastasis to sphenoidal sinus.

恶性肿瘤6例，分别为蝶窦神经内分泌肿瘤2例，腺样囊腺癌1例，蝶窦低分化癌1例，鼻咽癌侵犯鞍区及肺癌蝶窦转移各1例。

Results: In addition to 39 macrotumors (1 to 5/patient), chromogranin-positive endocrine microadenomas were found in 13 (72%) patients located within acini or close to ducts or islets.

结果：除39个大块肿瘤（1至5个/患者）之外，嗜铬素阳性的内分泌微腺瘤发现于13例患者（72%）的腺泡内或导管、胰岛的附近。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

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