养老金

They should raise the pensionable age, tackle public sector pension arrangements, and blaze a trail towards higher labour force participation and phased retirement patterns.

政府应上调领取养老金的年龄，做好公共部门养老金安排，并朝着提高劳动人口参与度和阶段性退休模式的方向迈进。

The innovations of this essay are following:Ⅰ, Completely investigating the theoretic introduction, practical application, and effects on investment administrant, and putting forward that China should transit gradually from dracon quantity regulation rules to prudent man rules;Ⅱ, Lucubrating the rational, negative effects, and experience tests of portfolio allocation regulation, performance regulation, and industry structure regulation of pension funds over OECD countries;Ⅲ, Analyzing the rational and sensibility of relative rate of return guarantees of pension plan, and advancing the scheme of rate of return guarantees of China;Ⅳ, First investigating the investment policy of pension plans globally using "contents analysis" over the world pension plans;Ⅴ, Lodging that portfolio diversification should be the most important risk management instrument, and presenting efficiency measure model of evaluating portfolio diversification of pension funds;Ⅵ, Lucubrating the optimal portfolio allocation model during accumulation phase and decumulation phase of pension funds; taking for that risky assets should decrease with time reducing during accumulation phase, but during decumulation risky assets should increase.

指出了本文研究的主要结论，以及研究的不足和未来研究的方向。本文研究的创新点在于：（1）从法和经济学的原理角度，全面研究了&审慎人&原则的理论解释、实践应用、对投资管理人行为影响的实证分析以及成功实施&审慎人&原则的因素分析，提出我国养老基金的投资管制应该逐步从严格的数量管制原则过渡到&审慎人&管制原则；（2）深入研究了养老基金的资产配置管制、业绩管制和产业结构管制的基本原理、负面效应、实证检验等，以及对OECD国家的国际比较；（3）研究了养老金计划的相对收益率担保的基本原理，并对其作用机制进行了敏感性分析，提出了我国收益率担保机制设计的方案；（4）首次采用&内容分析法&对国际范围内的养老金计划的投资政策进行了研究，找出了投资政策应该包含的关键要素；（5）提出组合多样化是最重要的风险控制手段，并给出了衡量养老基金组合多样化程度的效率评价模型；（6）深入研究了养老基金积累阶段和缩减阶段的最优资产配置的数量模型，认为在积累阶段对风险资产的投资应该随着时间减少，而在缩减阶段，风险资产应随着时间增加。

Those reforms were a much-needed incentive for employees to build up their pensions at a time when many employers were abdicating responsibility for providing a decent income in retirement.

那些改革其实发生在一个许多雇主推卸为雇员提供一份体面养老金的责任的时代，政府急需鼓励雇员们逐渐建立养老金制度的措施

At first "the pensioners' line" was less productive. But the firm brought it up to the level of the rest of the factory by introducing 70 relatively small changes, such as new chairs, comfier shoes, magnifying lenses and adjustable tables.

首先，&领养老金生产线&的生产能力较低，，但是公司通过更换新椅子，更舒服的鞋子，放大镜和可调整的桌子等70个比较小的改变后，&领养老金生产线&的生产水平达到了其它生产线的水平。

Not only were public pensions systems becoming unaffordable in Asia, they were also inadequate for most pensioners, it said.

报告称，亚洲国家不仅在逐渐变得无力支付公共养老金，并且对大多数领取养老金生活的人来说，当前数额已显不足。

Even if that figure overstates the problem, there is little doubt that governments are understating their pensions liabilities.

即使这些数字夸大了养老金成本问题，毫无疑问政府低报了纳税人的养老金负担。

By linking the indexation of pension rights and outgoing pensions to the income index, the pension system has been linked to the general development of the economy.

通过与养老金权利指数挂钩和开放养老金收入指数，养老保险制度已经与一般性的经济发展链接到链接到一起。

The pension reform that triggered a crippling nine-day strike last November touched only the 1.6m people in "special regimes": train drivers, railwaymen, gas and electricity workers and others entitled to a full pension after 37.5 years'-worth of contributions, against 40 for everybody else. Now that the special-regime workers have accepted a longer contribution period, the overall rules are up for review. At the very least, the period is likely to go up to 41 years, but this change will be fiercely contested.

引发去年11月份一场为时九天导致城市瘫痪的罢工的养老金改革只触及了&特殊养老金制度&中的160万人：火车司机、铁路工人、燃气和电力工人以及一些在做出了相当于37.5年工作的贡献之后便有权享受全额养老保险金的人（普通人则是40年），但是这个改变将面临激烈的反对。1月22日的一场大规模游行示威已经计划好了。

Group pension insurance is a effective management style, its main function is to provide pension management service, its development opportunity and space also will be contained in the construction and development of society pension system.

团体养老保险是一种成熟的、有效的养老金管理模式，它的主要功能是提供养老金管理服务，它的发展机遇和空间也必将蕴藏于我国社会养老保障体系的建设和发展中。

Direct salary deduction for occupational pension schemes: The Riester reform remained largely undecided on the role of occupational pensions versus individual accounts.

5，直接为职业养老金工资扣除计划：里斯特改革大体上仍然悬而未决就职业养老金的作用与个人账户。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。