具鳞

Trunk and branches usually with adventitious sprouts; umbo with a stout, sharp prickle

树干和分枝通常具不定的菜芽；鳞脐具一坚固，敏锐的皮刺 11 Pinus echinata 萌芽松

Needles with basal sheath persistent and basal scalelike leaves decurrent, cross section with 2 vascular bundles; umbo dorsal.

针叶具基部鞘宿存和下延的基部鳞片状叶，横断面具维管束；鳞脐背侧。

There were some important discovery in structure character as the follows: in sarcotesta that materials making experiment, all possessed the structure of bandshape and like primary thickening meristem; sarcotesta possessed amphivasal vascular bundle and the vascular bundle that xylem distribute in two sied of phloem on inside and outside were discovered; new structure patterns of root that possessed more plentiful secondary cortex etc.

其中，发现外种皮中均具明显的似初生增厚分生组织的带状结构；且发现在外种皮的组织中具有双木维管束及周木维管束，发现了苏铁科植物根具较丰富的次生皮层等新的结构形式；在对比材料鳞秕泽米铁的羽片中发现了导管，这些在苏铁植物方面过去均未见有报道。

Like snakes, lizards have scales, pair ed male copulatory organs, and a flexible skull.

蜥蜴与蛇的外表特征相似︰具角质鳞，雄性具一对交接器，方骨可活动。

Like snakes, lizards have scales, paired male copulatory organs, and a flexible skull.

蜥蜴与蛇的外表特征相似︰具角质鳞，雄性具一对交接器，方骨可活动。

In this paper, the biological characteristics of florescence, spikelet and inflorescences structure, morphogenesis formation of inflorescence, megasporogenesis and the development of female gametophytes were studied systematically by using anatomy structure, scanning electron microscopic and paraffin section methods. The results were as followed:(1) Phyllostachys praecox was the bamboo flowering fragmentarily; the cultivation changed the characteristic of flowering; the plantlets of flowering were complex and splitted into three kinds: the plantlet flowering before continued flowering; the plantlet flowering before stopped flowering and the plantlet changed into flowering. The inflorescence of Ph. praecox was indefinite inflorescence or called false inflorescence, and actually it was flower stress structure. Its basal unit was pseudospikelet with two kinds: apical spikelet and lateral spikelet. The floret had one lemma, one pelea, three stamens, one pistil and three lodicules.

本研究综合运用形态解剖学、扫描电镜、石蜡切片等技术手段，对雷竹花期生物学特性、小穗与花序构造、花序形态建成过程、大孢子发生与雌配子体发育等进行了较为系统的研究，结果表明：(1)雷竹为零星开花竹种，耕作条件对其开花特性具有重要影响；开花植株类型复杂多样，可以分为以前开过花现在继续开花、以前开过花现在停止开花以及以前未开过花现在转为开花等3种类型；雷竹花序为无限制花序或称&假花序&，实为花枝结构，基本单位为&假小穗&；假小穗有顶生和侧生之分；小花具内外稃各1枚，雄蕊3，雌蕊L，另具3枚大小不等之鳞被。

Stamens (4–)5–10(–25); filaments mostly pubescent towards base, rarely glabrous; ovary 5(–12)-locular, always scaly, sometimes also hairy; style long, slender, straight, curved, or sharply deflexed, glabrous or with scales or shortly pilose at base.

雄蕊(4-)5-10(-25)；花丝多数的短柔毛向基部，很少无毛；子房5 (-12)室，总是有鳞，有时还有毛的；花柱长，纤细，直，弄弯，或锐的外折，无毛的或具鳞片或具短柔毛在基部。

Plant with peltate scales, sometimes also with other hairs.

植株具盾状鳞，有时还有具另一个毛。

Shrubs or trees, usually spinescent, rarely unarmed, with terminal scaly buds and axillary buds.

灌木或乔木，通常具刺，很少无刺，具顶生鳞芽和腋生芽。

Trees or shrubs, deciduous, with latex; monoecious or dioecious. Winter buds with 3-6 bud scales; scales imbricate. Stipules free, sublateral, caducous.

乔木或灌木，落叶，具乳汁；雌雄同株或异株冬芽具3-6芽鳞；鳞片覆瓦状托叶离生，近侧生，早落。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。