具花梗的

Pedicel 3-11 mm, with 0.2-0.7 mm patent or sometimes retrorse but not appressed nonglandular trichomes and 0.3-0.6 mm patent glandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate.

花梗3-11毫米，具0.2-0.7毫米开展或有时反折但不贴伏的非腺状毛，和0.3-0.6毫米开展的具腺毛；小苞片披针形。

Fruit indehiscent, samaroid silicles, transversely oblong or ovoid, 1-seeded, thin walled, with woody and coarsely reticulate venation, angustiseptate, sessile, transversely 2-winged, 2-16-spined; wings prominent, longer or shorter than main part of fruit, with 3-20 subparallel veins extending full length; spines often unequal in length, at least some subparallel to pedicel, those on the seed-bearing fruit half longer; replum and valves margin united into a longitudinal vein; septum complete; style absent, obsolete, or conical and to 5 mm; stigma capitate, entire, long papillate.

果不裂，突出的翅，长或短于主要果，具3-20近平行脉深裂延长全长；刺通常不等长，在花梗，那些在种子取得成果半长上近平行的一些的至少；假隔膜和阀门边结合成为一纵向脉；隔膜完全；花柱无，废退，或者圆锥状和对5毫米；柱头头状，全缘，长具乳突。

Leaf sheaths shorter than internodes, loose, pilose or glabrescent; leaf blades linear, flat or convolute, rigid, 15–30 cm × 5–8 mm, glabrous or hairy, apex finely acuminate; ligule 0.3–0.5 mm. Panicle usually contracted, dense, infrequently looser, 15–35 cm; central axis and branches scabrid-hispidulous; branches 2.5–10 cm, fasciculate in middle part, ascending; pedicels scabrid, apex often with stiff bristles.

叶鞘短于节间，松散，具柔毛的或后脱落；叶片线形，平或，硬质，15-30厘米×5-8毫米，无毛或有毛，好渐尖的先端；叶舌0.3-0.5毫米圆锥花序通常签合同，浓，很少发生松散，15-35厘米；粗糙主轴线和分枝具短硬毛；分枝2.5-10厘米，束状的在中部，上升；粗糙的花梗，顶经常有硬的硬毛。

Fruit dehiscent siliques or silicles, linear, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, latiseptate, sessile, readily detached from pedicel; valves papery, reticulate veined, with a prominent midvein and marginal veins, glabrous or pubescent, smooth, margin angled, apex persistently united with replum; replum rounded, concealed by connate valve margin; septum complete or rarely perforated, membranous, translucent; style absent, obsolete, rarely to 1 mm; stigma capitate, entire or slightly 2-lobed, lobes not decurrent.

果开裂长角果或短角果，线形，长圆形，卵形，或披针形，，无梗，容易从花梗那里分开；纸质的裂爿，网状脉，具突出中脉和边缘脉，无毛或被短柔毛，平滑，边缘有棱，先端持续与连接起来；假隔膜绕行，被合生的阀门边隐藏；隔膜完全的或很少具孔，膜，半透明；花柱无，淘汰，很少对1毫米；柱头头状，全缘或者稍2裂，裂片不。

Pedicels setose; calyx lobes (7–)10–15 mm; leaf apex acuminate; midrib and lateral veins adaxially setose.

花梗具刚毛；萼裂片(7-)10-15毫米；叶先端渐尖；正面的中脉和侧脉具刚毛。

Koyama (1960) divided Smilax into six sections according to inflorescence and prophylla etc., and defined the sect. Macranthae as with raceme of one to many umbels, defined sect. Smilax as with umbels sessile on elongate. If it is only one umbel, the peduncle has a node or prophylla at the base. After researching on most literatures on Smilacaceae in different floras, observing most of Smilax specimens in the world .

Koyama(1960)对东南亚产的菝葜属做了详细的分类学研究，根据花序类型、先出叶等特点将菝葜属划分为6个组，并将具有一至多个伞形花序排列成圆锥花序的一系列种定义为圆锥菝葜组或花序无梗定义为穗菝葜组，认为若是单个伞形花序腋生，则在总花梗下部必定具一关节或具一枚先出叶。

Leaf blade obovate to broadly so, margin dentate, serrate, or doubly serrate; inflorescence branches and pedicels long glandular hairy; sepals glandular hairy, apex not dentate; petals subspatulate or elliptic.

叶片倒卵形的到宽如此，边缘具牙齿，有锯齿，或重锯齿；花序分枝和花梗长腺毛；萼片腺毛，先端不具牙齿；花瓣近匙形的或椭圆形。

Loriformis differs as follows: main stem undeveloped; sheaths of cauline leaves ciliate only on 1 side of mouth; cincinni subcapitate; pedicels slightly curved; seeds finely white reticulate, neither pitted nor verrucose.

不过，M。 loriformis 的不同如下：主茎不发达；茎生叶的鞘具缘毛的只在口的1边；蝎尾状聚伞花序近头状；花梗稍弯曲；种子白色细网状，既不具洼点也不瘤状。

Seeds pitted, or shallowly pitted and white verrucose; main stem developed; pedicels thin but straight; most leaf sheaths hirsute throughout, sometimes hirsute on 1 side only

种子使相斗，或具浅洼点和白色瘤状；主茎发育；花梗细但是直；全部的大多数叶鞘具粗毛，只的有时多毛的在一边上 15 Murdannia nudiflora 裸花水竹叶

Inflorescence terminal, 1–11-flowered; pedicels scaly, usually setose; calyx (1–)2–15 mm, usually 5-lobed, sometimes reduced to undulate rim, scaly, margin mostly ciliate or setose; corolla broadly campanulate or rotate to saucer-shaped, usually yellow, rarely greenish, white or reddish, sometimes spotted, outer surface scaly, sometimes sparsely pubescent; stamens 10; ovary 5(or 6)-celled; style short, thick, sharply bent, usually scaly at base.

花序顶生，1-11花；花梗有鳞，通常具刚毛；花萼(1-)2-15毫米，通常5浅裂，有时波状的退化至凸缘，有鳞，多数边缘具缘毛或具刚毛的；花冠宽钟状或辐状到茶托状，通常黄的，带红色的带绿色，白色或带红色的，斑点，有鳞的外表面，有时疏生短柔毛的有时的很少；雄蕊10；子房5(或6)室；花柱短，厚，锐弯曲，通常有鳞的在基部。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。