具的

Fruit either an indehiscent, rarely explosively dehiscent, sometimes winged, schizocarpic capsule, or a ± fleshy drupe with 1-4 indehiscent, rarely dehiscent, pyrenes.

果，两个其中一个个不裂，很少爆裂开的，有的具翅，裂果蒴果，或多少肉质的核果具1-4不开裂，很少开裂的小坚果。

Capsule septicidal, seeds usually unwinged, or with keel or small; stamens free, or fascicles with filaments free nearly to base, or if up to 2/3 united, then stamens 3

通常种子，蒴果室间开裂，小的龙骨状的或具或；如果可达2/3的合生，雄蕊离生，或束簇具花丝离生近基部，或，然后雄蕊3 5

Culm sheaths glabrous or rarely gray setose, oral setae absent to 2; leaf blades with 3 or 4 pairs of secondary veins

竿箨无毛的或很少灰色的具刚毛，口头的刚毛无到2；叶片具3或4对次脉 36

Koyama (1960) divided Smilax into six sections according to inflorescence and prophylla etc., and defined the sect. Macranthae as with raceme of one to many umbels, defined sect. Smilax as with umbels sessile on elongate. If it is only one umbel, the peduncle has a node or prophylla at the base. After researching on most literatures on Smilacaceae in different floras, observing most of Smilax specimens in the world .

Koyama(1960)对东南亚产的菝葜属做了详细的分类学研究，根据花序类型、先出叶等特点将菝葜属划分为6个组，并将具有一至多个伞形花序排列成圆锥花序的一系列种定义为圆锥菝葜组或花序无梗定义为穗菝葜组，认为若是单个伞形花序腋生，则在总花梗下部必定具一关节或具一枚先出叶。

Plants forming soboles, stolons, or rosettes, but not fleshy turions; stem bases with rather loose,± herbaceous scales, or scales absent

植株形成根出条，匍匐茎，或莲座丛，但不是肉质的具鳞根出条；相当松散的茎基部具，多少草质鳞片，无的或鳞片 31

Leaf blade thickly papery, linear-lanceolate, often strongly rugose adaxially, apex tapering to acuminate; female spikes of congested glomerules, simple, nodding; achene long stipitate.

厚纸质的叶片，线状披针形，正面经常强烈具皱纹，先端渐狭到渐尖；密集的团伞花序的雌性穗状花序，单，有节；瘦果具长柄。

Ovary stipitate. Style linear, exserted; stigma peltate. Fruit clavate or obconic, 10-ribbed, with large, raised, wartlike sticky glands.

子房具柄花柱线形，外露；柱头盾形果棍棒状或倒圆锥形的，10棱，大的具，凸起，疣状发粘的腺体。

Disk scales 1-3, unequal, linear-oblong to broadly ovate, apex 3-lobed or -dentate. Ovary narrowly obovoid, ca. 4 mm, stipitate, apex puberulous; style very short; stigma depressed-globose.

花盘鳞片1-3，不等长，线状长圆形到宽卵形，先端3裂的或具牙齿狭倒卵球形的子房，长约4毫米，具柄，被微柔毛的先端；花柱非常短；柱头扁球形。

Plants pilose with subappressed trichomes rarely to 1 mm; fruit 1-2.5 cm × 0.9-1.1 mm; seeds to 1.4 mm, not margined; cotyledons incumbent

很少的植株具柔毛的具近贴伏毛状体到1毫米；果1-2.5厘米×0.9-1.1毫米；对1.4毫米的种子，不给镶边；子叶现任 5 D。

Petiole 8-20 cm, glabrous; leaf blade 5-7-foliolate; leaflets sessile, abaxially green, oblanceolate, 10-25 × 5-12 cm, abaxially glabrous or with sparse whitish hairs, ferruginous tomentose at base and in axils of lateral veins, base cuneate, margin crenate-serrate with teeth crenulate-serrulate, apex acuminate to subcaudate; lateral veins in 18-25 pairs.

叶柄8-20厘米，无毛；叶片5-7具小叶；小叶无柄，背面绿色，倒披针形， 10-25 * 5-12 厘米，背面无毛或者有稀少带白色毛的，被锈色绒毛在基部和在侧脉腋处，基部楔形，边圆齿状锯齿具细圆齿到细锯齿的牙齿，18-25对的侧脉。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。