具对生叶

Leaves scattered; petiole 3–5 mm, densely spreading rust-colored setose; leaf blade elliptic-ovate, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, 8–16 × 4–9 cm, papery-leathery, abaxially very densely rust-colored setulose, especially on veins, adaxially bullate, densely shortly setulose, immediately glabrescent, secondary veins 2 pairs arising from base, fine veins distinctly raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base shallowly cordate to rounded, margin slightly revolute, sparsely dentate,± setiform-ciliate, apex acuminate, caudate, or acute. Inflorescences axillary, racemose or corymbose, 1–4 cm, ca. 10-flowered, densely tomentulose; bracts rhombic-triangular, 5–8 × 4–5 mm, leathery, densely tomentulose.

叶星散 叶柄3-5毫米，密被平展锈色具刚毛；叶片椭圆状卵形，卵形，或者长圆状披针形， 8-16 * 4-9 厘米，纸质革质，背面非常浓密锈色具小刚毛，在脉上的特别是，正面具泡状隆起，具小刚毛的密被短的，立即后脱落，次脉2 对生于基部，清楚的细脉背面突起，正面凹陷，基部浅心形到圆形，花序腋生，总状或伞房状，1-4厘米，约10花，密被被微绒毛；苞片菱形三角形， 5-8 * 4-5 毫米，革质，密被被微绒毛。

Leaves with petiole 25-45 cm or longer, axis slightly flat, grooved adaxially, glabrous or pilosulose; leaflets 5-8 pairs, usually subopposite; petiolule ca. 5 mm; blades adaxially shiny, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate or slightly falcate, 7-15 × 2-5 cm, thinly papery, abaxially glabrous or pilosulose, lateral veins 15-17 pairs, nearly parallel, dense, slender, base cuneate, slightly asymmetrical, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal, conical.

叶具叶柄25-45厘米或更长，轴稍平，正面具凹槽，无毛或具小柔毛；小叶5-8 对，通常；小叶柄约5毫米；叶片正面发亮，狭椭圆形披针形或者稍镰刀形， 7-15 * 2-5 厘米，薄纸质，背面无毛或具小柔毛，花序顶生，圆锥状。

Leaves crowded near apex of the trunk, spirally arranged; stipes dark brown, with sharp spines; lamina large, oblong, tripinnate; pinnae 17-20 pairs, alternate, longest one to 60 cm long, the basal one reduced; rachis short-spiny; pinnules 18-20 pairs, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, to 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, divided almost to the costa; segments more or less falcate, toothed.

叶螺旋状排列，聚生於茎端；叶柄棕色，具锐刺；叶片大，长矩圆形，三回羽状深裂；羽片17-20对，互生，最大的长达60厘米，基部一对缩短，羽轴有短刺；小羽片18-20对，无柄或近於无柄，披针形，长达10厘米，宽2.5厘米，深裂几达中脉；末回裂片多少镰状，有齿。

The leaf anatomical structures of the mosses are of ecological adaptation to their habitats. The mosses wider dry conditions often have thickened laminal cell-walls on the surfaces, and some of them have appendiculate structures.

藓类植物叶的解剖结构具有生态适应意义，旱生环境下的藓类植物，叶片细胞胞壁具不同程度的增厚，有些藓类植物叶片具附属结构，藓类植物中肋的有无，反映了对水分吸收和运输方式的不同。

Leaves basal, subdistichous or fasciculate, sessile or petiolate, usually linear to elliptic-lanceolate, conduplicate, base sheathing.

叶基生，二列或束状，无柄或具叶柄，通常线形到椭圆形披针形，对折，基部具鞘。

Inflorescence iterauctant, fully bracteate, subtended by a broad 2-keeled prophyll; pseudospikelets rarely solitary, usually several to many clustered to capitate on flowering branches.

花序iterauctant，完全具苞片，通过一宽的2龙骨状的先出叶被包着； pseudospikelets很少单生，通常对在花枝上头状的数枚到多数簇生。

Inflorescence a racemose panicle, initially terminal to leafy shoot; spikelets 3–7, 2.5–4.3 cm, rachilla internodes 3–4 mm, white-gray setose, apex densely white-gray ciliate; florets 3–7, terminal one sterile.

花序一种总状的圆锥花序，对叶状枝最初顶生；小穗3-7，2.5-4.3厘米，小穗轴节间3-4毫米，白色灰色具刚毛，浓密白色灰色具缘毛的先端；小花3-7，顶生的那个不育。

Koyama (1960) divided Smilax into six sections according to inflorescence and prophylla etc., and defined the sect. Macranthae as with raceme of one to many umbels, defined sect. Smilax as with umbels sessile on elongate. If it is only one umbel, the peduncle has a node or prophylla at the base. After researching on most literatures on Smilacaceae in different floras, observing most of Smilax specimens in the world .

Koyama(1960)对东南亚产的菝葜属做了详细的分类学研究，根据花序类型、先出叶等特点将菝葜属划分为6个组，并将具有一至多个伞形花序排列成圆锥花序的一系列种定义为圆锥菝葜组或花序无梗定义为穗菝葜组，认为若是单个伞形花序腋生，则在总花梗下部必定具一关节或具一枚先出叶。

Leaves alternate, petiolate, thinly leathery or papery, margin dentate in apical half, rarely entire, lateral veins 2 or 3 pairs, lowest triplinerved.

叶互生，具叶柄，薄革质或纸质，上半部边缘具牙齿，很少全缘，侧脉2或3对，低的离基三出脉。

Leaves sublinear to narrowly lanceolate, subentire to obscurely denticulate; stolons with fleshy terminal turions; fruiting pedicels 1-5 cm; seed comas dingy white.

叶近线形到狭披针形，对具不明显小齿近全缘；匍匐茎具肉质的顶生的具鳞根出条；果梗1-5厘米；种子种缨昏暗白色。

This paper discusses design and realizable methods of remote test output interface from logical design angle.

本文从逻辑设计的角度讨论遥测输出接口的设计及实现方法。

This also 星体投射plies to buildings, structures and geological features.

这也适用于建筑物和地质特征。