具一叶的

Leaves usually 1-veined, axil with a cluster of white woolly hairs

叶通常1脉，腋具一簇白色的具绵状毛的毛 38a var。

Leaves 5, not fully expanded at anthesis; petiole 5.5--15 cm, with thick long pilose hairs; leaf blade nearly kidney-shaped, rounded-ovate, or 5-angled, 2.5--7 × 4.5--11 cm,± equally 3-foliolate, abaxially with white hairs, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cordate; lateral leaflets subsessile, unevenly 2-lobed; central leaflet subsessile or with a 1--4 mm petiolule, deeply 3-lobed, lobes entire or dissected, ultimate lobes triangular to narrowly linear and 2--3.5 mm wide.

叶5，不完全膨大的在花期；叶柄5.5-15厘米，具厚具长柔毛毛；叶片差不多肾形，圆形卵形，或具5个角， 2.5-7 * 4.5-11厘米，多少具3小叶，背面具白色的毛，正面无毛，基部宽心形；侧生小叶近无柄，不均匀2裂；中心的小叶近无柄或具一1-4毫米小叶柄，3深裂，裂片全缘的或多裂，末级的裂片三角形到狭线形和2-3.5毫米宽。

As a result of analysis to many of the results of experiment, checked up on specimens, field investigation and combining with the theories of palaeobotany, comparative morphology, evolutional morphology of vascular plants and taxonomy, it can be concluded as following: the primitive sorts of Cycadaceae are the sorts that pinnate leafs are dichotomy; among these, the sort that pinnate leafs are tripinnate-dichotomy is most primitive, from this sort gradually evolve to bipinnate-dichotomy, to only for monopinnate-dichotomy, from this sort evolve to the sorts that pinnate leafs are simply pinna; among the sorts of simply pinna, the species that segments of megasporophyll possess much more triplicate to monodichotomy are most primitive.

经过大量的实验结果分析、查阅标本和野外调查，结合古植物学、比较形态学、演化植物学和分类学等理论进行分析，认为苏铁科原始的类型为羽叶呈二歧状分叉的种类，其中最原始的又是羽叶呈三回二歧状分叉的种类，从这个羽叶类型逐渐演化出一回二歧状分叉的羽叶类型，再演化出羽叶为单羽状的类型；而单羽状叶的类群中，又以大孢子叶侧裂片具三回、二回及一回二歧状分叉数量多的种类为最原始，而侧裂片二歧状分叉数量少的为较进化，侧裂片无二歧分叉的如拳叶苏铁类为最进化的种类。

Leaves opposite, petiolate or rarely sessile; petiole base with a short ocrea; leaf blade margin entire.

叶对生，具叶柄的或很少无梗；叶柄基部具一短托叶鞘；叶片边缘全缘。

Any of several plants of the genus Brodiaea having basal grasslike leaves and globose flower heads on leafless stems resembling those of genus Allium.

卜若地属几种植物中的任何一种，具基生草状叶，在类似葱属植物的无叶的茎干上长有球形的头状花序。

Leaves evergreen, deciduous or semideciduous, alternate, sometimes clustered at stem apex; margin entire, very rarely crenulate, abaxial indumentum sometimes with a pellicle (a thin skinlike layer on the surface).

灌木或乔木陆生的或附生，常绿的叶，落叶或半落叶，互生，有时在茎先端的簇生；边缘全缘，极少具细圆齿，背面毛被有时具一表膜。

Inflorescence borne in axil of leaf or scalelike bract, of 1(--3) umbels or a panicle, raceme, or spike of umbels; peduncle sometimes with a scalelike prophyll at base.

花序生于叶或的腋鳞片状苞片，1(-3)伞形花序或一圆锥花序，总状花序，或伞形花序的穗状花序；有时的花序梗具一鳞片状的先出叶在基部。

Inflorescence a racemose panicle, initially terminal to leafy shoot; spikelets 3–7, 2.5–4.3 cm, rachilla internodes 3–4 mm, white-gray setose, apex densely white-gray ciliate; florets 3–7, terminal one sterile.

花序一种总状的圆锥花序，对叶状枝最初顶生；小穗3-7，2.5-4.3厘米，小穗轴节间3-4毫米，白色灰色具刚毛，浓密白色灰色具缘毛的先端；小花3-7，顶生的那个不育。

Koyama (1960) divided Smilax into six sections according to inflorescence and prophylla etc., and defined the sect. Macranthae as with raceme of one to many umbels, defined sect. Smilax as with umbels sessile on elongate. If it is only one umbel, the peduncle has a node or prophylla at the base. After researching on most literatures on Smilacaceae in different floras, observing most of Smilax specimens in the world .

Koyama(1960)对东南亚产的菝葜属做了详细的分类学研究，根据花序类型、先出叶等特点将菝葜属划分为6个组，并将具有一至多个伞形花序排列成圆锥花序的一系列种定义为圆锥菝葜组或花序无梗定义为穗菝葜组，认为若是单个伞形花序腋生，则在总花梗下部必定具一关节或具一枚先出叶。

Perennial of coastal sands and shingles of northern Europe and Baltic and Black Seas having racemes of small white flowers and large fleshy blue-green leaves often used as potherbs.

一种欧洲的多年生草本植物，有一个肉质具分枝的根状茎，有时栽培为了它的卵形具长叶柄的大叶而栽培，用作调味品。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。