其制度

In the development process of the mankind marriage system, the development of India marriage system is more special, it evolved along with India social, successively experienced from ancient times of grow surname marriage go to basinet Islamism marriage, from the modern marriage under England rule to the independence of marriage system modernization.

在人类婚姻制度的发展历程中，印度的婚姻制度的发展是比较独特的，它随着印度社会的变化而演化，先后经历了从古代的种姓婚姻到中世纪的伊斯兰教婚姻，从近代英国统治下的婚姻变革到独立后的婚姻制度现代化，其发展道路坎坷曲折，其转变的过程既反映了印度时代的变迁，也明示着人类社会的进步。

This paper is based on "Trilemma" which is induced from MF model. In order to overcome MF models inherent defects, this paper constructs a static model headed by government on choice of optimum exchange rate regime. Through the analysis of the model we can see that the choice of exchange rate regime is a dynamic process should be decided in real situation. No single exchange rate regime is right for all countries or at all time. Under certain condition intermediate regime may be the optimum one, but the possibility will decrease with the increase of international capital flow.

本文从蒙代尔——弗莱明模型精炼出的"三元悖论"出发，为了克服其内在的缺陷，构建了一个政府主导的静态最优汇率制度选择模型，模型分析表明：汇率制度选择是一个动态的相机决策过程，没有哪一种汇率制度对所有国家或某一国的所有时期都适合；在一定条件下，中间汇率制度可能是最优汇率制度，但是其可选择的区间随着资本流动程度的加大而缩小，最终最优汇率制度将内生的向两极分化。

The latter three strategies are new and also the paper's three innovative points. First of all, appeal the law to prohibit reversed payment, unify this with the BOLAR exception, and promote the drugs into the market as soon as possible. Secondly, put the public health, medicine patent and the IPRs protection of traditional knowledge and the genetic resources together. Through giving the traditional knowledge and the genetic resources IPRs protection to treat the developed countries' medicine patents, they can settle the public health crisis. Finally, the legal mechanism of Prior Consent is a new strategy that Brazil proposed for the purpose of protecting the public health, which divides the examination of patent applications for pharmaceutical products and processes between two federal agencies, National Institute of Intellectual Property and National Sanitary Supervision Agency. ANVISA has the obligation to render the final decision, granting or denying a patent.

其中前四种措施是国际社会上一直以来倡导的主要措施，后三种是新的解决公共健康危机的法律措施，其创新点在于：第一，呼吁将禁止反向支付纳入法律，并与BOLAR例外相结合使用，促进仿制药品的尽快上市；第二，将公共健康、医药品专利以及传统知识和遗传资源的知识产权保护三者紧密相连，通过对传统知识和遗传资源予以知识产权保护来应对发达国家的医药品专利；第三，&事先同意&法律制度是巴西提出的一种旨在保护公共健康，应对医药专利的新的法律制度，该制度规定凡是涉及医药品专利的申请都必须经过国家知识产权局和国家公共卫生监督局的公共审查，并且国家公共卫生监督局有是否授予专利的最终决定权。

Its organization loop has serious information filtering phenomena lengthwise and also has some problems locally breadthwise. Organization conflict has mild characteristics which result from equalization and the highest wage system in the local area. Dongsheng has a clear management strategy, but its system needs to be improved and enhanced. Its cost and technique management are advanced than the large-sized state-owned enterprises in this field, but its finance and human resources management need to be improved. The company's culture has played a great role in the development of Dongsheng, but the rapid enlargement of the enterprise and the insufficiency support of culture system result in its weakness in practice. The employees have excellent diathesis and the company emphasizes training, but there are large difference between some position setting and employee's ability and the company also doesn't pay enough attention to the core capability.

其部门之间、母子公司之间，部门与子公司之间都有许多方面需要改进；其组织循环在纵向上存在较严重的信息过滤，横向上局部也存在问题；组织冲突以平和为基本特点，带有平均主义色彩并在本区域收入最高的薪酬制度是形成这个特点的主要原因；有明确的公司经营战略，但公司的战略管理体系有待进一步完善和提高水平，其成本管理和技术管理明显高于同业大型国企，其财务和人力资源的管理还有待进一步提高；企业文化曾对公司的发展起了巨大的推动作用，但随着企业的迅速扩大，外来人员迅速增加，加上文化的制度支撑不足，出现了弱化和与实际不一致的状况；员工素质较高，公司注重培训，但相当一部分的岗位设置与员工能力水平存在较大差异。

In the background dependence of political civilization,from the mercy and bounty of governor to the enjoyment and request of own rights embodies the efforts and struggles of the proletariat in order to constitute the socail assistance legal institutions,which offers the room of political system where the social assistance legal institutions are able to exist and develop and strengthen;In the background dependence of economic system,the simple truth which the economic foundation determines the superstructure exerts its advancing logic concretely and really,where the gap between the poor and the rich will be widened continuely in the condition of market economy,and the dependence on the social assistance legal institutions for the poor will be more rainforced,and the request of rights for social assistance will become intense increasingly;In the background dependence of cultural tradition,the relief ideology such as Great Harmony Society,the ideality of equal wealth and the pursuit of the idea that those who have no kin and cann't support themselves can all be cultivated and so on which goes back to ancient times has been depositted into a luscious cultural tradition and Confucianism allegates implementing the humanity politics and sparkplugs cultivating and compensating people,which results in the thoughts of taking civilian as the foundation that occupy the inrooted station in Chinese culture,and the arrangements of social assistance legal institutions response the continue of renation in Chinese traditional culture;In the background dependence of internationalization,the ideaistic assimilation and the spread of arterial values quicken the speed of civilized fusion,and the social assistance legal institutions should response positively the relative legislative concept and methods which the world has achieved the common understanding on the base of using initialively the legislative experiences in the developed country and the ones where the relative institutions reach a better performance for reference.

政治文明背景依赖方面，由统治者怜悯、恩赐到自己权利的享有和诉求，本身就体现出无产阶级为建立社会救助法律制度所付出的努力和奋斗，因此社会救助法律制度完全具有自己存在、发展和壮大的政治体制空间；经济体制背景依赖方面，经济基础决定上层建筑的朴实真理具体而实在地发挥着自己的演进逻辑，市场经济条件下贫富差距会继续扩大，贫困居民对社会救助法律制度的依赖会进一步加强，其社会救助权诉求也将会变得日益强烈；文化传统背景依赖方面，大同社会、均贫富理想、鳏寡孤独废疾者皆有所养的追求等中国源源流长的救济思想都已经沉淀为一种浓厚的文化传统，儒家思想主张实施仁政，倡导养民、恤民，民本思想在中国文化中占据着根深蒂固的地位，社会救助法律制度安排回应了中国传统文化脉络的延续；国际化背景依赖方面，观念的同化和主流价值观的流播，使文明的互融速度加快，社会救助法律制度需要主动借鉴发达国家以及相关制度具有较好绩效国家的立法经验，积极回应全球已达成共识的社会救助立法理念和方法。

The main contents are: the methods of concluding administrative contract; the principle that concluding administrative contract shall obey, such as principle of participation, principle of legality, principle of equality and freedom, principle of efficiency, principle of good faith and principle of equivalent procedure burden; basic systems of administrative contract's conclusion, such as system of hearings, system of sequence, system of notification, system of publicity, system of functional separation, system of recusation, and system of prescription; procedural rights and obligations of both parties.

主要内容包括：第一，行政契约的缔结所应遵循的原则，主要从一般和特殊两个角度探讨了以下几个主要原则：参与原则，合法原则，平等自由原则，效率原则，诚实信用原则，适于行政需要原则和程序负担均衡原则；第二，怎样缔结行政契约，其方式如何；第三，行政契约缔结的步骤；第四，行政契约缔结的基本制度，主要包括：顺序制度，告知制度，信息公开制度，职能分离制度，回避制度和时效制度；第五，缔约双方的程序性权利义务各有哪些。

The institutional change dominated by the government in our country has the following characteristics: The basic line and criteria of the institutional change are established by the government; in a institution-suppliers capacity, the government supplies institutions by the means of laws, legal provisions, policies and so on; the government sets up the barriers for institutional innovation and restricts the institutional innovation of the main body in market; the government selectedly promotes the happening of induced institutional change and improves its level of standardization and institutionalisation .

我国政府主导型制度变迁有如下特点：由政府设定制度变迁的基本路线和准则；政府以制度供给者的身份，通过法律、法规、政策等手段实施制度供给；政府设置制度进入壁垒，限制微观主体的制度创新活动；政府有选择地促进诱致性制度变迁的发生，并提高其规范化、制度化水平。

The immediate causes of thedepreciation are the overrating of exchange rate of RMB, domestic inflation,and international payment, which demonstrate some problems that existed orare existing in RMB exchange rate system, China's foreign trade enterprisessystem and macroeconomic control and regulation system.

本文认为，80年代以来人民币汇率贬值有其合理性和必然性，其直接原因在于人民币汇率的高估、国内持续的通货膨胀、国际收支问题，它反映出人民币汇率制度、外贸企业制度和宏观调控制度存在的问题。

The paper examines the classroom management system in China's elementary and secondary schools, and assails the so-called"goodness"and makes an ethical reflection in the aspects of the formation, implementation, remedy after the implementation of the system and the surpassing of it.

本文从制度伦理学的视角对中小学课堂管理制度进行审视，从制度形成过程，制度执行过程，制度执行之后的补救和对制度的超越等方面对其进行&善&的诘问和伦理反思。

According to that, the author indicated that by right of regulating teacher's duties, rights and benefits, university teacher management institution standardizes teachers'behaviors and adjusts the regulation system of teachers'relationship. University teacher management institution is an arrangement of institution with reification and it includes multiple levels and types. Macroscopically, the nation's different policies, byelaws and regulations on teachers'status, rights and benefits formed a series of macroscopical institutions of teacher management; microcosmically, university teacher management institution refers to a set of behavioral rule created by the interior practical need of a university.

并由此指出：大学教师管理制度是规定教师责任，赋予教师权利和利益的规则体系；其功用是规范教师行为，调整教师与其他群体及教师之间的关系；大学教师管理制度是一种具体化制度安排；大学教师管理制度包括多个层次和类型，宏观上，国家对教师的地位、权利、责任、利益等进行规定的各项政策、条例、法规，形成了教师管理的一系列的宏观制度，微观上，大学教师管理制度是指大学内部根据实际需要建立的一套教师管理的行为规范。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。