其主义

The evolution of development economics is closely related to the development of economic globalization , particularly at the third phase(in 1940's) of economic globalization , during which development economics in modern sense sprang up. Its main research is about how the poverty - stricken agricultural countries or developing countries achieve industrialization. From its appearance to before 1980's, development economics consists of two forming phases of structuralism and neo - classicism. Since 1980's , in the tide of new economic globalization ,development economics has new tendency and is faced with predicaments.

发展经济学的产生与发展和经济全球化的发展有密切的关系，特别是在经济全球化进入第三阶段，即20 世纪40 年代，现代意义上的发展经济学兴起，其主要是研究贫困落后的农业国家或发展中国家如何实现工业化的问题，发展经济学从兴起到80 年代以前，可分为结构主义和新古典主义两个发展阶段。80 年代以来，在新的经济全球化的浪潮中，发展经济学既出现了新的发展趋势，也面临着困境。

By the 1850s abolitionism was growing in the North, and when the antislavery Republican candidate A. Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states, one after another, seceded to protect their right to keep slaves.

到了 19 世纪 50 年代，废奴主义在北方日渐赢得人心，1860 年，反对奴隶制的共和党候选人 A林肯当选总统之后，南方各州便相继脱离联邦，以维持其畜奴的权利。

The definition of violence of positivism and absolutism can t probe deeply into the essence of violence.

实证主义和绝对主义的暴力观都有其合理性，但未能全面揭示暴力的本质。

Would he really rely on his absolutist position to justify going beyond the limits of what the utilitarian would admit by way of punishment.

他确实会依赖其绝对主义的观点来证明这样做——即越过功利主义者通过惩罚的方式所认可的界限，并施以比功利主义原则所要求的惩罚更为严厉的惩罚——是正当的？

We understand that feelings play fundamental roles in building almost all cultures. The value of modern abstractionism relies on how far it returns to such energy source.

我们知道感觉对于任何文化的建设，都是基础性的；当代抽象主义的价值，正取决于其返回到这个活力源的程度。

Western painting, in nature, is a medium that speaks out the truth. It has evolved from the religious truth (Greece, Rome and the Renaissance), nationalist truth to the individual truth (impressionism and abstractionism). The traditional Chinese collectivism, when encountering with the spoken-out truth, breaks the oil painting away from the truth-pursuing quality or the free spirit inherent in the Western tradition and modern art by regarding the oil paintings as a mere class of fine arts or a medium.

西方绘画本质上是一种真理性言说的媒介，经历了从宗教真理，到国家主义真理，再到个人主义真理的演进过程，汉语传统中的集体主义在与这种真理性言说相遇时，通过仅把油画视为"画种"、"媒介"，将其与西方传统中的求真气质、或现代艺术的自由精神相切割。

Its first stage was military adventurism, in the second it turned into military conservatism and, finally, in the third stage it became flightism.

其第一阶段是军事冒险主义，第二阶段转到军事保守主义，最后，第三阶段，变成了逃跑主义。

"J-POWER is different," says Akira Amari, Japan's trade minister, justifying his unease over a request by The Children's Investment Fund, a British activist shareholder group, to double its stake in Japan's formerly state-owned electricity wholesaler.

当顽童基金TCI这家英国的股东积极主义团体要求将其在J-Power的持股份额翻倍时，为了辩解他对这一要求的不安，日本经济产业大臣甘利明如此说道。

But if Chinese reformers can h*e the moderation to stop when they h*e made China capable of selfdefence, and to abstain from the further step of foreign conquest; if, when they h*e become safe at home, they can turn aside from the materialistic activities imposed by the Powers, and devote their freedom to science and art and the inauguration of a better economic system—then China will h*e played the part in the world for which she is fitted, and will h*e given to mankind as a whole new hope in the moment of greatest need.

廿三、倘若中国革新家在使得中国力足自卫时，便适度而止，不进一步向外求胜，既得安然自处便转移其为列强所迫致的实利主义作为而致力于科学与艺术，建成良好的社会经济体系，中国于是乃真尽其在世界上所应有的职责，为人类当前极紧要时期，开出一全新希望。

Among the numerous philosophers in 20th century, Lukacs initiates a historical perspective of the ontological studies on Marxism. The main point of his theory is to affirm the close relationship between Marxism and Hegelian Dialectics. After the reconstruction on Hegelian dialectic materialism, the transform in Marxism which is different from the formers' has been taken place in its foundation, i.e.

在20世纪的众多哲学家中，卢卡奇开创了把马克思主义作为本体论研究的历史视域，其理论要旨乃是确认马克思直接衔接着黑格尔的辩证法，通过对黑格尔辩证法的唯物主义改造，马克思的本体论在其根基处发生了不同于以往哲学家的理论变革。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。