兴登堡

His concept was lagged behind the reality. In order to suit the necessities of total war Hindenburg and Ludendorf reformed economic and social constitution.

兴登堡和鲁登道夫对德国的经济和社会进行了重组，以适应总体战争的需要，取得了显著成功，对战争和社会都产生了重大的影响。

In August 1914 he played a major role at the battles of Gumbinnen and Tannenberg headed by the combination of Hindenburg and Ludendorff; at the former he suffered an embarrassing defeat, amply recompensed at the latter.

最初他在普里特维茨的第八集团军中指挥第17军团。1914年8月他在兴登堡和鲁登道夫联合指挥的古姆宾嫩和坦能堡战役中发挥了重要作用，这次胜利充分的补偿了他此前遭到的难堪的失败。

Once again refusing to accept a defensive brief during perhaps the most sweeping victory of the entire war, at Tannenberg, Francois twice disobeyed Ludendorff's direct orders - which ironically contributed to the crushing nature of Hindenburg and Ludendorff's victory over Samsonov's Second Army (which culminated with the Russian commander shooting himself in dense woodland prior to his capture by German forces).

在坦能堡，可能是整个战争中最有决定意义的一场胜利中，弗朗索瓦再次拒绝接受防御指令，并两次违背了鲁登道夫的直接命令。有讽刺意味的是，这种行为反而有助于兴登堡和鲁登道夫达成对萨莫索诺夫第二集团军的决定性胜利——俄军总司令抢在被德军捕获之前在一个密林自杀构成了这场胜利的顶峰。

Success at Tannenberg - conducted by Hindenburg and Ludendorff (who received most of the contemporary credit, much to Hoffmann's resentment) essentially expelled the Russians from East Prussia, with subsequent victory at the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in September resulting in the withdrawal of Rennenkampf's Russian First Army.

坦能堡的成功——由兴登堡和鲁登道夫（他攫取此战的绝大多数荣誉以至于引起霍夫曼的愤恨）所执行——再加上随后于9月份在第一次马苏里湖会战对雷纳肯普夫的俄国第一集团军取得的胜利，从根本上将俄军从东普鲁士驱逐出去。

Once again refusing to accept a defensive brief during perhaps the most sweeping victory of the entire war, at Tannenberg, Francois twice disobeyed Ludendorff's direct orders - which ironically contributed to the crushing nature of Hindenburg and Ludendorff's victory over Samsonov's Second Army (which culminated with the Russian commander shooting himself in dense woodland prior to his capture by German forces).

春秋中文社区http：//bbs.cqzg.cn 在坦能堡，可能是整个战争中最有决定意义的一场胜利中，弗朗索瓦再次拒绝接受防御指令，并两次违背了鲁登道夫的直接命令。有讽刺意味的是，这种行为反而有助于兴登堡和鲁登道夫达成对萨莫索诺夫第二集团军的决定性胜利——俄军总司令抢在被德军捕获之前在一个密林自杀构成了这场胜利的顶峰。

The failure of this attack, combined with Prittwitz's panicked reaction, resulted in the East Prussian command switching to Hindenburg aided by rising star Ludendorff.

这一进攻的失败，加上普里特维茨惊惶失措的反应，导致东普鲁士的指挥权转移到由鲁登道夫辅佐的兴登堡手中。

Hindenburg and Ludendorff had returned to Berlin in August 1916 in triumph, Hindenburg to assume the role of Chief of Staff, with Ludendorff his Quartermaster-General.

兴登堡和鲁登道夫在获胜后已于1916年返回柏林，兴登堡担任参谋长，以鲁登道夫作为其第一军需总监。

Nevertheless, Francois's insubordination, while officially overlooked, engendered mistrust in Ludendorff and, with Hindenburg and Ludendorff's subsequent elevation to the German high command (which Ludendorff, ostensibly Hindenburg's deputy, effectively ran), Francois was never given a high command of his own.

然而，虽然其违抗命令的行为没有受到官方的处理，但是却造成了和鲁登道夫之间的猜疑。随着后来兴登堡和鲁登道夫升任德国最高统帅部的职务（表面上是兴登堡任职，实际上是鲁登道夫负责主要工作），弗朗索瓦再也没有被授予一支部队的最高指挥权。

In the autumn, the German military is already very tired, the German commander-in-chief to replace the Hindenburg, General Kim Han-law, the appointment of Ludendorff for the commander of the Battle of Verdun.

到了秋季，德军已经非常疲惫，德军总司令兴登堡撤换了法金汉将军，任命鲁登道夫为凡尔登战役司令。

Nevertheless, Francois's insubordination, while officially overlooked, engendered mistrust in Ludendorff and, with Hindenburg and Ludendorff's subsequent elevation to the German high command (which Ludendorff, ostensibly Hindenburg's deputy, effectively ran), Francois was never given a high command of his own.

有讽刺意味的是，这种行为反而有助于兴登堡和鲁登道夫达成对萨莫索诺夫第二集团军的决定性胜利——俄军总司令抢在被德军捕获之前在一个密林自杀构成了这场胜利的顶峰。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。