关节疼痛

Although in rare instances the development of facet joint arthropathy can be traced to a specific inciting event,61 the overwhelming majority of cases of l-z joint pain are the result of repetitive strain and/or low-grade trauma accumulated over the course of a lifetime.

虽然在少数病例中，小关节病变的发展史由于特殊的刺激造成的，但是绝大部分的病例中，l-z关节性疼痛是源于反复的牵拉以及/或低强度的损伤积累的结果。

Osteoarthritis of knee is an arthropathy characterized by hyperosteogeny due to degenerative articular cartilage.

膝关节骨关节炎是一种因关节软骨退行性变所引起的以膝关节疼痛、肿胀、骨质增生为主要表现的关节病变。

As an operation of microtrauma, arthroscopy has an advantage of micro destruction to the arthral blood and stability, and has a positive effect on relieving pain, improving joint motion, delaying arthroplasty.

髋关节镜作为一种微创手术，具有对关节血运和稳定性破坏小的优势，对于减轻疼痛、改善关节活动功能、延缓关节置换的时间起到了积极的作用。

Other methods should be combined to arthroscopy to treat osteonecrosis of the femoral head. As an operation of microtrauma, arthroscopy has an advantage of micro destruction to the arthral blood and stability, and has a positive effect on relieving pain, improving joint motion, delaying arthroplasty.

髋关节镜作为一种微创手术，具有对关节血运和稳定性破坏小的优势，对于减轻疼痛、改善关节活动功能、延缓关节置换的时间起到了积极的作用。

Other methods should be combined to arthroscopy to treat osteonecrosis of the femoral head. As an operation of microtrauma, arthroscopy has an advantage of micro destruction to the arthral blood and stability, and has a positive effect on relieving pain, improving joint motion, delaying arthroplasty.

髋关节镜作为微创手术，具有对关节血运和稳定性破坏小的优势，对于减轻疼痛、改善关节活动功能、延缓关节置换的时间起到了积极的作用。

If the condylar fracture is treated inappropriate, it may cause some complications, eg: limitation of mouth opening, pain in TMJs, occlusion disorder, arthrocleisis and so on. The fractural condylar can't rebuild well without treatment. For any kind of condylar fracture, treatment should strive for anatomic replacement and avoid removing the fractural residual.

研究结论：髁状突骨折如治疗不当，容易出现一些后遗症或并发症，如张口受限、关节区疼痛、咬合错乱以及关节强直等；成人髁状突骨折如不作处理，并不能自行改建形成新的功能完好的关节；所有类型的髁状突骨折，治疗时都应争取达到解剖复位，不应轻易摘除骨折残端。

METHODS From January 1998 to February 2001, 4 ml of sodium hyaluronate injection was injected into the knee joint of the 134 cases at the end of arthroscope operation, or the 91 cases undergoing open operation of the knee at the time when the drain tube was removed. Five days after operation, the hydrarthrosis was removed and 2 ml of sodium hyaluronate was injected into the knee joint. According to the patient's condition, injection of sodium hyaluronate was performed once a week for several weeks. Clinical evaluation was made by evaluating pain visual analog scale and painless range of movement of the joint at every definite point of time.

1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 2月，对关节镜手术 134例于手术结束时，以及膝关节开放手术 91例于术后 2 4小时拔引流管时，分别在关节腔内注射透明质酸钠 4ml ；术后第 5天抽出关节积液，再注入透明质酸钠注射液 2 ml；每周 1次，连续 5周为一个疗程，根据病情注射1～ 2个疗程，观察各时间点疼痛 VAS评分和达到最大无痛活动度的时间。

Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease of the joints, especially the weight-bearing joints that develops when the linings of joints degenerate, leading to lipping and spurring of bone, pain , and decreased mobility and function.

骨关节炎是一种关节的慢性疾病，特别是负重关节，开发时，关节退化的衬里，导致回滚和骨，疼痛刺激，降低流动性和功能。

Results(1) Group of electroacupuncture in Shu and dense wave can significantlyreduce the degree of ankle swelling(P＜0.05, P＜0.01), which shows thatelectroacupuncture has obvious anti-inflammatory and repercussive roles;(2) Theresults of HE staining showed that group of electroacupuncture in Shuand dense wave can significantly reduce inflammatory cell infiltration,inhibit synovial cell proliferation, and decrease proliferation of granulationtissue in rats joints;(3) group of electroacupuncture in dense-wave can increase the pain thresholdof experimental rats (P＜0.05, P＜0.01), reduce the content of peripheral painmediums, such as K~+, DA and 5-HT(P＜0.05, P＜0.01), which shows thatelectroacupuncture has significant analgesic effect;(4) In the local lesion of joints, electroacupuncture can significantly reducethe content of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-a, increase IL-4 content, decrease theexpression of COX-2mRNA, and significantly promote the expression ofHSP-70 protein in synovial tissues of acute gouty arthritis rats (P＜0.05,P＜0.01),thus restrain the occurrence of synovial tissue inflammation.

结果：(1)电针疏密波组能显著减轻踝关节肿胀度(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，表明电针有明显的抗炎消肿作用；(2)HE染色显示：电针疏密波组可使大鼠关节炎症细胞浸润明显减轻，滑膜细胞增生明显被抑制，肉芽组织增生明显减少；(3)电针密波组能提高实验性大鼠痛阈(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，降低外周疼痛介质K~+、DA、5-HT的含量(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，表明电针有明显的镇痛作用；(4)在病变关节局部，电针能显著降低急性痛风性关节炎大鼠滑膜组织IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，升高IL-4的含量(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，并降低关节滑膜内COX-2mRNA的表达(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，可促使急性痛风性关节炎大鼠滑膜内HSP-70蛋白表达显著增加(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，从而抑止滑膜组织炎症发生。

It is often difficult to define the source of pain for most patients have referred somatic pain, in which neurological symptoms and signs are not so apparent.

但是患有腰椎小关节损伤的患者有时会有下腰部、大腿前方、腹股沟等部位疼痛，说明腰小关节的神经支配分的复杂性，腰椎小关节的这种支配方式形成了十分复杂的腰腿痛发病机制。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。