关节外的

Methods: The sign object was put at each acromial end and clavicle end of normal acromioclavicular joint. And then acromioclavicular joint was tested the locations in abducetion+superduct 、 endoduction 、 anteflexion 、 post-extention 、 external and interior rotation by using 3D- laser scanning camera .Computer calculate the rotation of the two sign objects in x 、 y 、 z axis(x delegate clavicle axis,y delegate coronal section ,z delegate sagittal axis).

通过在正常活体肩锁关节的锁骨端及肩峰端分别安装一个激光照相扫描仪的探测端子，3D-激光扫描相机扫描肩关节在做前屈+上举，后伸，外展，内收，外旋及内旋等不同位置下两端子的位置，通过计算机计算出两端子在X、Y、Z轴（X轴代表锁骨的长轴，Y轴为冠状面与X轴垂直轴，Z轴为矢状轴）上的旋转情况。

The mean MSTS score were 22.5±1.6 in modular prosthesis group, 24.6±1.4 in osteoarticular allograft group, 27.0±1.5 in APC group respectively.

肱盂关节的外展度数：肿瘤型假体组42.2 4.5 ，异体半关节组48.3 5.3 ，APC移植组58.0 5.7 ，三组间差异有统计学意义（F=15.40，P=-0.000）。

The principles of the operative technique are to (1) restore coronoid stability throughfracture fixation (type-II or III fractures7) or through anterior capsular repair (a type-I fracture),(2) restore radial head stability through fracture fixation or replacement with a metal prosthesis,(3) restore lateral stability through repair of the lateral collateral ligament complex and associated so-called secondary constraints such as the common extensor origin and/or the posterolateral capsule,(4) repair the medial collateral ligament in patients with residual posterior instability, and (5) apply a hinged external fixator when conventional repair does not establish sufficient joint stability to allow early motion.

外科手术的原则是：①通过骨折固定(2型骨折或3型骨折)或者经前方关节囊修复(1型骨折)恢复冠状突的稳定。②通过骨折固定或假体置换恢复桡骨头的稳定性③通过修复侧副韧带以及相关的所谓的次要限制如伸肌群起点和后外侧关节囊。④残余的后侧不稳，修复内侧副韧带⑤当传统的修复方法不能建立有效的关节稳定以便允许早期活动时，可以应用外固定器。

The flexor hallucis longus was about (3.24±2.32) mm lateral to the center of metatarsophalangeal joint. Dorsal skin of big toe was innervated by saphenous nerve, superficial and deep fibular nerve.

(1)正常与外翻足的比较中，伸肌腱的位置在足横纹及止点处无明显的差异，在跖附关节及跖趾关节处，外翻足的伸肌腱明显外移(P.05)：长屈肌腱也明显外移(P.05)。

The human cartilages are composed of chondrocyte and extracellular matrix , the form of chondrocytes are hypertrophy and the quantity are less; the ECM of cartilage are compised of type Ⅱ collagen and proteoglycan. Articular cartilages are all hyaline with little fibers. Trauma and arthritis are the main cause of cartilage injury, the ommilayer injury ofcartilage can be recovered by marrow, but because of without stimulation mechanism, the new tissues are merely fibrocartilages, they can not be coincide with hyaline cartilage in menchanics; the purely damage of articular cartilage can not stimulate chondrocyte to regenerate because of without blood circulation, thus, the plerosis of articular catilage can not depend on the proliferation of local chondrocyte. Ever since, people tried their best to find a way to reconstruct articular cartilage.

中文题名人骨髓基质干细胞成软骨诱导及多孔复合材料作为细胞载体的体外实验研究副题名外文题名 Cartilage induction of human mesenchymal stem cells and experiment on compound porous materials as cells' scaffold in vitro 论文作者刘晓岚导师周江南学科专业外科学研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位中南大学学位授予日期2003 论文页码总数68页关键词骨组织工程软骨细胞骨髓基质干细胞壳聚糖高分子外消旋聚乳酸馆藏号BSLW /2003 /R68 /10 造成人体关节软骨损伤的原因主要为创伤和关节炎，关节软骨全层损伤可由于骨髓中间充质干细胞的高速增殖修复，但这种修复由于缺乏相应的刺激机制，只能形成纤维软骨，而不能形成符合关节生理、力学要求的透明软骨；单纯软骨部分损伤软骨组织内无血管，软骨细胞迁移迟缓，无法使损伤区域软骨细胞再生，因此，关节炎及关节创伤后的软骨修复不能依赖于软骨细胞的增殖和迁移。

The metabolic and endocrine sequelae of intrafacetal depot steroids have not been studied, but extrapolating from epidural steroid injections, one would expect suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis lasting up to 4 weeks depending on the depot steroid used, and impaired insulin sensitivity manifesting as elevated glucose levels for less than a week.251,252 Although rare, a host of infections have been reported after intraarticular injections including septic arthritis, epidural abscess, and meningitis.253–255 Case reports of spinal anesthesia and postdural puncture headache have also been published.256,257

小关节间隙类固醇滞留所产生的代谢和内分泌作用也未见研究，但是从硬膜外类固醇注射可以推知，依据使用量的不同，其抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的时间可以持续4周。很多报道显示关节内注射后可以发生感染，但发生率较少，包括脓毒性关节炎，硬膜外脓肿及脑膜炎。也可见关于脊髓麻痹及穿刺后疼痛的报道。

Results(1) Group of electroacupuncture in Shu and dense wave can significantlyreduce the degree of ankle swelling(P＜0.05, P＜0.01), which shows thatelectroacupuncture has obvious anti-inflammatory and repercussive roles;(2) Theresults of HE staining showed that group of electroacupuncture in Shuand dense wave can significantly reduce inflammatory cell infiltration,inhibit synovial cell proliferation, and decrease proliferation of granulationtissue in rats joints;(3) group of electroacupuncture in dense-wave can increase the pain thresholdof experimental rats (P＜0.05, P＜0.01), reduce the content of peripheral painmediums, such as K~+, DA and 5-HT(P＜0.05, P＜0.01), which shows thatelectroacupuncture has significant analgesic effect;(4) In the local lesion of joints, electroacupuncture can significantly reducethe content of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-a, increase IL-4 content, decrease theexpression of COX-2mRNA, and significantly promote the expression ofHSP-70 protein in synovial tissues of acute gouty arthritis rats (P＜0.05,P＜0.01),thus restrain the occurrence of synovial tissue inflammation.

结果：(1)电针疏密波组能显著减轻踝关节肿胀度(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，表明电针有明显的抗炎消肿作用；(2)HE染色显示：电针疏密波组可使大鼠关节炎症细胞浸润明显减轻，滑膜细胞增生明显被抑制，肉芽组织增生明显减少；(3)电针密波组能提高实验性大鼠痛阈(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，降低外周疼痛介质K~+、DA、5-HT的含量(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，表明电针有明显的镇痛作用；(4)在病变关节局部，电针能显著降低急性痛风性关节炎大鼠滑膜组织IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，升高IL-4的含量(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，并降低关节滑膜内COX-2mRNA的表达(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，可促使急性痛风性关节炎大鼠滑膜内HSP-70蛋白表达显著增加(P＜0.05，P＜0.01)，从而抑止滑膜组织炎症发生。

Objective To compare expression and distribution of CD68 protein and TRAP positive protein in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and normal synodal tissues to study the differentiation of osteoclast in synovial tissues obtained from AS patients and its role in the pathogenesis of bone destruction in AS.

目的检测破骨细胞在强直性脊柱炎外周关节滑膜组织中的分化情况，了解破骨细胞的分化与AS患者外周关节骨质破坏病理改变的相关性。

According to normal condition, injured condition, repaired condition, repaired plus fixed device, injured plus fixed device in turn, between the tendinous sheath of extensor hallucis longus and lister tubercular, with the velocity 10mm/min the load is applied on the specimen. The translation changes from 0cm to 2.5cm during the test.

SPSS13.0统计分析软件分析在相同的位移情况下(1.5cm、2.0cm、2.5cm)，比较腕掌侧关节囊韧带复合体在上述五种情况下的负荷差别，了解腕关节掌侧关节囊韧带复合体在正常、损伤、修复及外固定支架对腕背伸稳定性的重要作用。

Shoulder joint position sense decreased in the softball player with shoulder pain.

在肩上投掷时，肩痛症状会影响肩部关节位置觉，造成主动复位时准确度下降，尤其是肩盂关节的内转及水平外展，且关节在末端角度受到的影响更为明显。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐