关节内的

Methods: The sign object was put at each acromial end and clavicle end of normal acromioclavicular joint. And then acromioclavicular joint was tested the locations in abducetion+superduct 、 endoduction 、 anteflexion 、 post-extention 、 external and interior rotation by using 3D- laser scanning camera .Computer calculate the rotation of the two sign objects in x 、 y 、 z axis(x delegate clavicle axis,y delegate coronal section ,z delegate sagittal axis).

通过在正常活体肩锁关节的锁骨端及肩峰端分别安装一个激光照相扫描仪的探测端子，3D-激光扫描相机扫描肩关节在做前屈+上举，后伸，外展，内收，外旋及内旋等不同位置下两端子的位置，通过计算机计算出两端子在X、Y、Z轴（X轴代表锁骨的长轴，Y轴为冠状面与X轴垂直轴，Z轴为矢状轴）上的旋转情况。

The portal of radiocapal joint was in the triangle of tendon of extensor carpi radialis muscle and long abductor muscle of first digit.Lateral to accessory cephalic vein and superficial branceh of radial nerve.The arthroscopic portals in intercarpal joint were in the both sides of extensor carpi radialis muscle.

桡腕关节的进镜部位在关节前方正中偏内侧，在腕桡侧伸肌腱内侧和腕斜伸肌腱之间的三角区，再向内为副皮下静脉及桡神经浅支，腕间关节在腕桡侧伸肌腱的两侧均可。

Material and MethodsRA Rabbit Model group: 15 early RA rabbits of the same weight and variety Control group:10 normal rabbits of the same weight and varietyMethods of making RA rabbit model:elect 15 normal rabbits of the same weight and variety, dissolve Ovalbumin in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, to make the solution of 20mg/ml concengtration, blend the same quantity of complete Freund′s Adjuvant equably ,inject the mixed solution into endermic tissue of the rabbit′s scapular section, making the rabbits allergic, inject 1 ml of the mixed solution to one rabbit every time, inject 1 ml of the mixed solution in 5 different places of the rabbit′s scapular section, inject the rabbit one time every week,inject 3 weeks continuously,it turned out to be that the rabbits will be allergic, inject Ovalbumin blent with the 0.9% sodium chloride solution into the knee joint cavity of the rabbits in the fourth week, 5 mg Ovalbumin every knee joint cavity,two knees of every rabbit of the 15 rabbits are both injected,the arthrosis diameter and the exterior temperature of the knees will be added obviously in 24 hours,and they will drop gradually,at the time of the 14th or 21th day, the arthrosis diameter and the exterior temperature of the knees will get to the balance time,the incidence rate of RA is 100%.after the RA model succeeds,it is the early time of RA from the first week to the fourth week,after the fourth week,it is the late time of RA, the cartilage of the femoral condyle and the subchondral bone cortices will be changed unrecoverily.

资料与方法RA模型组：早期RA家兔模型15只，品种及体重接近。对照组：正常家兔10只，品种及体重接近。RA家兔模型制作方法：选取15只成年家兔，体重、品种接近，将卵蛋白溶解于生理盐水，配成浓度为20mg/ml的溶液，与等量完全弗氏佐剂混匀，注入家兔肩胛区皮下致敏，每只家兔每次注射1ml，于肩胛区5个不同区域注射，每周一次，连续注射3周而致敏，第4周向膝关节腔注射卵蛋白生理盐水溶液，每只关节腔注射5mg卵蛋白，15只家兔膝关节全部注射，24h内此关节直径和表面温度大幅度上升，以后缓慢下降，至14～21d达到平台期，发病率达100%。造模成功后第1～4周为早期改变，第4周以后出现不可逆的关节软骨及骨破坏。采用高频超声对RA模型组与对照组的膝关节髌上囊液体厚度、滑膜及股骨髁软骨厚度及软骨下骨皮质的回声情况进行对比观察。结果RA组模型组膝关节髌上囊积液及滑膜的厚度明显厚于对照组，其股骨髁软骨的厚度与对照组相比无明显差异，其软骨下骨皮质与对照组相比无明显改变。

The pathological changes of hallux valgus are diversity, including adduct of metatarsus primus, increasing of the intermetatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsal bones, increasing of hallux valgus angle, dislocation of sesamoides, lost of soft tissue balancing. X-ray is the most important method to measure the pathological changes of hallux valgus.

拇外翻其病理改变具有多样性的，包括第一跖骨内收、第一，二跖骨间角增大、拇趾外翻角增大、第一跖趾关节近端关节面固定角或远端关节面固定角增大、籽骨移位、软组织平衡的改变等。X射线测量是确定拇外翻病理改变的主要的手段。

Two level cervical discectomy and fusion can increase stress in the caudad (C5/6,C6/7) zygapophyseal joint, which may be one of the causes for adjacent cervical spondylosis postoperatively.

颈椎双节段椎间盘摘除融合内固定后邻近下位关节突关节压力增加，可能是多节段颈椎融合术后邻近节段发生退变或退变加速的原因之一

Two level cervical discectomy and fusion can increase stress in the caudad (C5-6, C6-7) zygapophyseal joint, which may be one of the causes for adjacent cervical spondylosis postoperatively.

颈椎双节段椎间盘摘除融合内固定后邻近下位关节突关节压力增加，可能是多节段颈椎融合后邻近节段发生退行性变或退行性变加速的原因之一。

Results: The atlanto-occipital transarticular screw trajectory was cephalad tilting in sagittal plane and medially tilting in coronal plane; the ideal angle of the trajectory was (53.3±3.4)° upper tilting in sagittal plane and (20.0±2.6)° midline tilting in coronary plane.

结果：寰枕关节经关节螺钉固定的钉道理想角度为：螺钉方向在矢状面的上倾角为(53.3±3.4)°，在冠状面的内倾角为(20.0±2.6)°。

The pathological changes of hallux valgus are diversity, including adduct of metatarsus primus, increasing of the intermetatarsal angle between the first and second metatarsal bones, increasing of hallux valgus angle, dislocation of sesamoides, lost of soft tissue balancing.

拇外翻其病理改变具有多样性的，包括第一跖骨内收、第一，二跖骨间角增大、拇趾外翻角增大、第一跖趾关节近端关节面固定角或远端关节面固定角增大、籽骨移位、软组织平衡的改变等。X射线测量是确定拇外翻病理改变的主要的手段。

Results: It was found that there were 7 cases of screw loosening or breaking in the internal fixation ,1 case of connecting pole loosening or dropping,3 cases of concurrent infection from internal fixators loosening,4 cases of internal fixation screw entering the spinal canal,being driven into the intervertebral space or going through the vertebra body,5 cases of repeated postoperative lumbar pain,2 cases of postoperative pseudoarthrosis formation,3 cases of the height loss of the vertebra body after the internal fixators was taken out.

结果：内固定螺钉松动或断裂7例，内固定系统中的连接杆松动或退出1例，内固定松动合并感染3例，内固定螺钉进入椎管或打入椎间隙者或穿破椎体者4例，术后反复腰痛者5例，术后假关节形成2例，内固定取出后椎体高度丢失3例。

Shoulder joint position sense decreased in the softball player with shoulder pain.

在肩上投掷时，肩痛症状会影响肩部关节位置觉，造成主动复位时准确度下降，尤其是肩盂关节的内转及水平外展，且关节在末端角度受到的影响更为明显。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。