关节

The reasons for false-positive facet blocks are multifactorial and include placebo response (18–32%) to diagnostic facet interventions, use of sedation, the liberal use of superficial LA, and the spread of injectate to paingenerating structures other than those targeted.166 Although some investigators have disputed this assertion,167,168 it is our belief that not only opioids, but sedatives such as midazolam, can lead to false-positive blocks by interfering with the interpretation of analgesic response (i.e., preventing a patient from engaging in normal activities) and virtue of their muscle relaxant properties.169 In a recent survey conducted in 500 patients receiving facet blocks or epidurals at an outpatient spine center, only 17% requested sedation.170

小关节阻滞性诊断的假阳性结果的原因是多种多样的，包括安慰剂反应(18–32%)，如利用镇静剂，浅表大量应用LA以及注射液外渗到目标外的其他疼痛发生阻滞。虽然有些学者对这种论断持怀疑态度，但是我们认为不论类罂粟碱，咪达唑仑等镇静剂，都可因具有麻醉反应（如可阻止患者从事正常活动）及肌松特点而导致假阳性率。在最近一项500人的研究中，这些门诊患者接受了小关节阻滞或硬膜外阻滞，只有17%患者需要镇静剂。

It is evidents that "Wenjing" a mixture shows certain inhibitory effect on the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in synovial cells, which may be one of the mechanism of the therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis.

提示问荆合剂对Ⅱ型胶原诱导的大鼠关节炎具有一定抑制作用，可通过抑制关节滑膜分泌的炎性细胞原子TNF-α、IL-β的水平，从而减轻关节滑膜的炎症，可能是其治疗类风湿关节炎的作用机制之一。

Cases with linear or reticular enhancement, 4 cases with multiple bony erosions, while one patient with invasion of extra-articular structures. Conclusion: The feathers of nodular synovial proliferation, articular cartilage erosion, involement of subchondral bone, intra-and extra-articular invasion can all be detected presicely by MRI. MRI is the most valuable method for diagnosing PVNS.

MRI能准确反映PVNS中滑膜的绒毛结节状增生、增生滑膜及其对关节软骨的破坏以及增生滑膜对软骨下骨质及软骨下远部骨质侵蚀的不同时期绒毛结节的影像学特征，并可以准确评价病变对关节内外累及的范围，是诊断PVNS最佳检查方法。

METHODS: The presence and number of recently developed extra-articular manifestations and a weighted EAM score, as well as the levels of serological markers, were compared between 31 patients with RA with histologically proven vasculitis and 50 patients with RA in whom vasculitis could not be documented histologically. The following markers were evaluated: circulating immune complexes, complement components C3 and C4, class-specific rheumatoid factors, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, antiendothelial antibodies, circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and -3, circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule and E-selectin, cellular fibronectin, von Willebrand factor antigen, and C reactive protein.

对比组织学上已证实有血管炎的31例 RA 例和组织学上无血管炎的50例 RA 患者间的临床及血清学标记物，这些资料包括最近发生的关节外表现数量、关节外表现加权得分、循环免疫复合物、补体 C3和 C4、类风湿因子（ IgM-RF，IgG-RF，IgA-RF ）、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体、抗内皮细胞抗体、循环细胞间粘附分子-1和-3、循环血管内皮粘附分子和 E-选择素、细胞纤连蛋白、假性血友病因子抗原（ von Willebrand factor antigen ）及 C-反应蛋白。

Media revealed that Bryant's injury is not a simple stamp injury to his right index finger joints appear avulsion fracture, injury, while the index finger ligaments Department also showed that there are fragments of bone, as Bryant insisted on re - debut game, the Lakers medical staff in the game space has only adopted a conservative treatment, using bandages will be fixed Bryant's finger.

赛后据美国媒体透露，科比的伤势并不是简单的戳伤，他的右手食指关节处出现撕脱骨折型损伤，而食指关节韧带处骨头也显示有碎片，由于科比执意要重新登场比赛，湖人队医在比赛间隙只是采取了一个保守性的治疗方法，用绑带将科比的手指进行固定。

In this paper the pneumatic flexible finger joint is introduced, which can be applied to manipulator.

提出一种波壳伸缩的手指关节，多关节的手指可组合成操作机械手。

Preparation for a stroke requires that you extend the finger at the middle joint, while keeping the large joint at about the middle point of the limits of its range of motion.

在准备拨弦时你需要伸展这个关节，而保持大关节在运动范围之中的中点位置。

But what makes RAPHaEL unique is the students' decision not to control each finger joint individually but instead use one actuator, or motion activator, to move all of a finger's joints.

但是，使RAPHaEL特别的原因是学生不是分别控制每个手指关节，而是使用一个传动装置，或者动作灵敏度提高装置使所有的手指关节动作。

In patients with facet hypertrophy, foraminal narrowing can actually cause radicular symptoms.72–74,135 A second confounding factor is that the best prevalence studies used comparative MBB to estimate l-z joint pain.

伴有小关节增生，椎间孔狭窄的患者亦可产生确切的根性疼痛症状。另一个混杂因素是研究流行病学时最好用对照性的MBB来估计小关节疼痛。

The displacement of the left articular facet was larger than that of the right articular facet,the same to the cervical foraminal area.The right-posterior-lateral disc protruded toward back-inner.

左侧小关节面相对位移较大，左侧椎间孔变大；右侧椎小关节面间移位小，右侧椎间孔变小，椎间盘右后外侧部向后突出。

Shop assistant: Please check at the door.

店员：请您到门口柜台交费。

In the end, transportation of PAHs in the environmental matrix was preliminarily investigated and discussed according to PAHs data of soils and sediments from a certain region in Shanghai. The result indicated that there are two or more pathways on PAHs transportation in the environmental matrix.

最后，对上海特定地区内PAHs在环境介质中的迁移径途进行了分析讨论，结果表明上海市土壤和沉积物等环境介质中PAHs的迁移存在多种途径。