关系逻辑

This chapter tooinvestigates the connections between the adjunction of fuzzy logical operators andthe relationship of fuzzy conjunction and its residual implication. A series ofproperties related to the adjunction of fuzzy logical operators are given.

研究了满足伴随关系的模糊逻辑算子与模糊合取及其剩余蕴涵之间的联系和具有伴随关系的模糊逻辑算子的一系列性质。

Comparing with western countries, our study in this fieldlag behind. One of the reasons lies in normative logic itself, such as in its paradox orin its inconvincible system. Another reason lies in the fact that less attention has been paid to it.

究其原因，既有规范逻辑自身的原因，如规范逻辑悖论的困扰，规范逻辑没有能够建立一个令人信服的系统等；也与人们对规范逻辑的重要性理解不够有很大的关系。

WT9.BZ: Theory of generalized tautology in logic system , W and W k is generalized and applied to Lukasiewicz logic system. The main results are as follows: congruence about on set of logic formulas F has been obtained in the system; it is proved that in this system, for any irrational number α, there does not exist accessible α-tautology; and for any real number α, there does not exist accessible α+-tautology; and the relation theorems have been given between categori...

将逻辑系统 W ，W ，Wk 中的广义重言式理论进行推广并应用到Lukasiewicz逻辑系统中，主要结果是：得到了逻辑公式集F在该系统中关于﹁同余的分划；证明了在该逻辑系统中对每个无理数α而言，不存在可达α重言式，且对每个实数α而言，不存在可达α+重言式；给出了广义重言式、广义矛盾式各类之间的关系定理。

Setting out from symbolic logic, Russell was the first philosopher who destroyed the law of excluded middle in classical logic, and provided leads for the research into formalized fuzzy logic o...

皮尔斯是西方哲学史上确认"语言本身的模糊性"的第一位哲学家；维特根斯坦强调语言确定性与模糊性的并存关系，并试图将二者统一；罗素从符号逻辑的水平上首次打破了古典逻辑的排中律，开辟了形式化模糊逻辑或多值逻辑的研究道路。

Application predicate logic on data sublanguage as its mathematical foundation would make the study of data sublanguage become the research of predicate logic and the optimization of data sublanguage become the matters of simplification of predicate logic.

本文旨在研究将谓词逻辑及公理化理论应用于关系数据库中表示数据子语言，应用谓词逻辑作为它的数学基础，使得对这些语言的研究成为对谓词逻辑的研究，优化数据子语言的表示成为对谓词逻辑的化简问题。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的"现象学阶段"可以被视为他关于"心理学的哲学"的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将"原子命题"解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于"原子命题"之所是的正面解说），维氏的"现象学阶段"乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的"逻辑原子主义"之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的"现象学"观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于"不可说性"与"可说性"的二分法。

Based on representative opinions about these questions which are raised by philosophers and logicians,the author thinks:1Truth and

作者分析了以往哲学家、逻辑学家对这些问题的一些代表性看法，认为：(1)&逻辑真&不是真的一个子类；(2)逻辑真只能测量观念形式上的关系；(3)逻辑真是认识论意义上的概念，它的本体论说明是一个&自足观念模式&的良性内循环结构。

Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period , mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, thus restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.

显然，这里 restricted 不是后置定语，不可能去修饰 adulthood ，但即使作为伴随状语逻辑意思也错误，谓语动词 take 与 restrict 这两个动作并不是同时发生的，而是两个动作存在因果关系，前一个动作导致了后一个动作，应该用因果关系的并列句来表达该逻辑关系。

In this paper, the authors propose a temporal approaching relation and give a sort of temporal relations of propositions, based on Shoham s temporal logic, they propose a temporal logic which can describe uncertainty relation and is based on time--point and time--interval in proposition and first order case.

本文提出了时态逼近关系，并给出了命题不确定性时态关系的一种分类，在Shoham的时态逻辑基础上，对命题和一阶两种情况，提出了能描述不确定性时态关系，基于时间点和时间区间的时态逻辑。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的&现象学阶段&可以被视为他关于&心理学的哲学&的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将&原子命题&解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于&原子命题&之所是的正面解说），维氏的&现象学阶段&乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的&逻辑原子主义&之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的&现象学&观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于&不可说性&与&可说性&的二分法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。