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The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The difficulties that the beginning physics teachers meet in the process of their professional growth mainly includes: firstly, pedagogically speaking, how to accomplish the transformation from textbook knowledge to practical operation, from indirect experience to direct experience; how to get practiced in the course-book and acquainted with the students, how to design the teaching plan and the classroom teaching, how to induce students to get engaged in scientific probe, to develop effectively the physics curriculum resource and to give vivid and examples.

初任物理教师在专业成长过程中所遇到的困难主要有：在教学方面，如何实现从书本知识到实际操作、从间接经验到直接经验的转化，如何熟悉教材、熟悉学生，怎样进行教学设计、课堂教学，如何引导学生进行科学探究、有效开发物理课程资源、举出形象直观生动的实例等；在班级管理方面，如何有效经营班级、评价学生等；在人际交往方面，如何与学校相关职能部门疏通好关系、如何与学校相关人员处好关系、如何与学生家长进行有效沟通交流等。

A basic review on dielectric nonlinearity and electric tunable mechanism was performed in view of thermodynamics, ferroelectric domain, polar nanoregion, field induced phase transition, grain boundary layer and AC dielectric nonlinearity. The dielectric nonlinearity phenomena in barium stannate titanate ceramics were studied and the field dependences of dielectric constant and loss tangent were showed.

关于低温介电弛豫行为与极性微区关系的讨论涉及到了弛豫铁电体与扩散相变铁电体之间的相容关系，作者认为所有的扩散相变铁电体都应该是弛豫铁电体或潜在的弛豫铁电体，它们的区别仅在于能够观测到介电弛豫现象的测试频率范围不同。

The book introduces the animal models representing natural infections ranging from uni- to multicellular and from endo- to ectoparasites in fish, chickens and mammals, including structural and physiological aspects of cell death; Role of apoptosis in non-mammalian host-parasite relationships; thionine-positive cells in relation to parasites; animal models for the study of innate immunity; interaction between sea lice and their hosts; pathophysiology of salmonids cryptobiosis and glossina-transmitted mammalian trypanosomiasis in livestock; avian coccidiosis; interactions betweem fish hosts and monogeneans.

该书介绍了鱼类，小鸡和哺乳动物从单细胞到多细胞和从内寄生虫到外寄生虫的天然传染的动物模型，包括细胞死亡的结构和生理学方向；非哺乳动物宿主和寄生虫关系中细胞凋亡的作用；硫堇阳性细胞与寄生虫的关系；用于先天免疫研究的动物模型；海虱与其宿主的相互作用；鲑鱼隐生想象的生理病理学和家畜中舌蝇传播的哺乳动物锥虫病；鸟类球虫病；鱼类宿主与单殖亚纲动物的相互作用。

The first consequence is that the child will inevitably consider one parent "good", more willing to give in to his desires and the other parent "bad", always ready to prohibit him from doing something. But what makes matters worse is that the child, receiving conflicting messages on the same matter, does not absorb the rule. In other words, as he does not receive clear and univocal messages from the most important people, a child becomes incapable of building up stable reference points, because he acknowledges the concept that there is no such thing as fixed rules and that what parents say can be disputed. A child can also learn to exploit the different points of view to his advantage, turning each time the more permissive parent and ignoring the authority of the more severe one. This can also have important repercussions in the years that follow, because a person who has not learned specific reference points as a child, becomes incapable of respecting the simple rules even at school, at work and those of civil cohabitation. With inevitable consequences from a social and relationship point of view.

第一个我们得到的结论就是小孩子可能会推断只要是能够满足他的欲望的父亲或母亲就是「好的」，而将另一位总是禁止他做某些事情的父亲或母亲当作是「不好的」，但让情况变得更糟的是小孩，在同一个世界当中不断接受到冲突的讯息，但并没有理解这个规则，换句话说，他无法从最重要的人们身上收到清楚、明确的讯息，无法与其建立信赖关系，因为他认知到爸妈说的话是可以被质疑的，且没有任何修改的规则，一个小孩对於他的利益会有不同的观点，只要有一方放纵小孩，而小孩则会去忽视比较严格的那一方，接下来的几年影响力是持续的，因为当他还是孩子的时候他没有去学会那些特定的参考指标，所以就变得没有办法遵循那些很简单的规则，甚至是在学校、工作上或是一般社区的环境，从社交关系上来说这是无法避免的结论。

Abasic review on dielectric nonlinearity and electric tunable mechanism wasperformed in view of thermodynamics, ferroelectric domain, polar nanoregion,field induced phase transition, grain boundary layer and AC dielectricnonlinearity. The dielectric nonlinearity phenomena in barium stannate titanateceramics were studied and the field dependences of dielectric constant and losstangent were showed.

关于低温介电弛豫行为与极性微区关系的讨论涉及到了弛豫铁电体与扩散相变铁电体之间的相容关系，作者认为所有的扩散相变铁电体都应该是弛豫铁电体或潜在的弛豫铁电体，它们的区别仅在于能够观测到介电弛豫现象的测试频率范围不同。

This dissertation holds that the power of the state in the relationship should betrace back to the beginning of liberation.The new regime built grass-roots level of"authoritarian control"at the beginning through reconstructing neighborhood inShanghai,the strong power of the state continued after the transition,from"authoritarian control"to"institution to absorb",what\'s changed is the specific form.

本文认为，国家相对于城市邻里的这种强势关系，源自于解放之初新生政权通过改造邻里空间在城市基层构建的&威权控制&，国家的强势关系一直延续到社会转型之后，从&威权控制&到&体制吸纳&，只是其形式发生了变化。

According to the analysis of the documents of both the ancient time and nowadays,the course which mankind recognises geographic entity starts with individuality and studies on each individuality's spatial relationship,and then discloses the entity's forms, connections and properties. The course of cognition develops just from toponomy to maps, till geography. The original relationships disclosed these...

根据古今文献记载的分析，人类认识地理实体的过程是由个体开始，继而研究各别个体的空间关系，进而揭示实体的构成、联系和性质，这一认识过程正好是由地名到地图再到地理；由其产生的渊源关系也揭示出三者皆是共同研究人类赖以生存的地理环境的科学，故都是组成地理科学的成员

A multi - agent corporate model including the firm owner , the manager and the auditor of the corporate is analyzed in the paper , the conclusions are : educing the optimum solution of model which could prevent the manager and the auditor becoming collusive or skulked ; clarifying the relationship between monitoring of the firm owner and working of the auditor , and illustrating the behavior combination of optimum solution ; further analyzing the relationship among monitoring degree , punishment of auditor and the auditor risk .

论文采用所有者经理人审计师多代理人模型为基础进行分析，主要成果是：得出能够防止共谋和不努力工作的模型最优解集合；通过因素分析阐明审计师工作努力程度与所有者监控力度之间的直接关系，以及审计合约最优解的行为策略组合及其制定顺序；引申分析所有者监控力度与审计风险、审计师惩罚力度之间的关系；成功的将模型从单一期间扩展到多期间情况，并且将审计师声誉等非现金收入形式的效用影响加入到模型当中；通过分析审计实务中的所有者行为特征说明所有者对审计师工作实施监控的必要性，以及实现该监控所需的条件。

A multi-agent corporate model including the firm owner, the manager and the auditor of the corporate is analyzed in the paper, the conclusions are:⑴educing the optimum solution of model which could prevent the manager and the auditor becoming collusive or skulked;⑵clarifying the relationship between monitoring of the firm owner and working of the auditor, and illustrating the behavior combination of optimum solution;⑶further analyzing the relationship among monitoring degree, punishment of auditor and the auditor risk. Adapting the model from a single term to serial terms, and adding the non-monetary utility of auditor--- reputation into the model;⑷describing behavior of the firm owner in reality and clarifying the necessity of monitoring by the owner and the environment improvements it needs.

论文采用所有者－经理人－审计师多代理人模型为基础进行分析，主要成果是：⑴得出能够防止共谋和不努力工作的模型最优解集合；⑵通过因素分析阐明审计师工作努力程度与所有者监控力度之间的直接关系，以及审计合约最优解的行为策略组合及其制定顺序；⑶引申分析所有者监控力度与审计风险、审计师惩罚力度之间的关系；成功的将模型从单一期间扩展到多期间情况，并且将审计师声誉等非现金收入形式的效用影响加入到模型当中；⑷通过分析审计实务中的所有者行为特征说明所有者对审计师工作实施监控的必要性，以及实现该监控所需的条件。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。