共生体

At the moment, a number of relevant genes in the bacteroid related to the symbiosis were activated, and the expressed quantity of protein remarkably increased.

为了探明这种改变是否与合成蛋白质的细胞器一核糖体有关，比较分析了苜蓿根瘤菌在自生和共生状态下核糖体蛋白的表达谱。

During the establishment process of symbiotic relation of alfalfa rhizobium with host plant, alfalfa rhizobium entered into host plant cell as self-growing state, and then transferred into bacteroid of symbiotic state through its differentiation development.

苜蓿根瘤菌在与宿主植物建立共生关系的过程中，以自生状态进入宿主植物细胞，经过分化发育转变为共生状态的类菌体。

To master the ultrastructure of mitochondrion;the molecular structure elements of Oxidative Phosphorylation;electron-transport chain;the coupling mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation and electron transport;the main content of chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis;the structure and chemical composition of thylakoid;electron transport and photophosphorylation;the mechanism of photophosphorylation;the evidence of endosymbiotic theory.

掌握线粒体的超微结构；氧化磷酸化的分子结构基础；电子传递链；氧化磷酸化作用与电子传递的偶联机制；渗透假说的主要内容；类囊体的结构；类囊体的化学组成；电子传递和光合磷酸化；光合磷酸化的作用机制；内共生起源学说的根据。

The presence of REE tetrad effects in apatites and whole rocks of S-type granites has been reported by Sha and Chappell (1999) and Zhao et al.(1999), respectively. The REE tetrad effect in minerals, such as apatite, spessartite, beryl, alkali feldspar and spodumene, from all zones of Altay No. 3 pegmatite has been found remarkable, and the fractionations among isovalent incompatible elements in these minerals are also significant. This paper puts forward that the REE tetrad effect is one of the basic features of peraluminous melts and the origin of REE tetrad effect might be probably related to some processes prior to the formation of pegmatite magma. The immiscibile liquid separation between silicate melt and hydrosaline melt may be responsible for it.

由于阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉各带磷灰石以及与其共生的石榴石、绿柱石、碱性长石、锂辉石矿物均存在明显的稀土"四重效应"以及相同电价、相似离子半径的不相容元素间存在显著的分异，并结合最近赵振华等(1999)和Sha and Chappell(1999)报道S型花岗岩全岩和单矿物(磷灰石、独居石、长石、黄玉等)均存在稀土"四重效应"这一现象，本文研究提出，稀土"四重效应"是富挥发分过铝质岩浆体系的一个基本特征，其机制既不可能由含稀土的副矿物早期结晶引起残余熔体相中REE含量变化的结果，也不能定性地归因于流体相与熔体相相互作用过程中稀土元素在流体/熔体之间分异的结果，而很可能与伟晶岩岩浆形成之前某些过程密切相关，S型花岗岩岩浆在液相线以上存在硅酸盐熔体与高盐熔体的不混溶液相分离有可能是过铝质岩浆体系产生稀土"四重效应"的主要原因。

Microstructural observation revealed that a lot of epitaxial growth fibrous AlN polytype occurred in matrix. Y_2O_3 seems to act as a densifier for in-situ formation material and as medium for growth of fibrous polytype. SiO_2 is the growth promoter for fibrous polytype. The occurrence of fibrous polytype may increase the strength and toughness of AlN ceramic composite material.

实验结果表明，AlN-Y_2O_2-SiO_2系陶瓷复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性较AlN陶瓷均有大幅度的提高，微观结构观察发现基体中存在大量共生的纤维状AlN多型体(27R，21R)，系统中Y_2O_3不仅是原位生长复合AlN材料的致密剂，而且是纤维状多型体生长的媒介，SiO_2，是纤维状多型体生长的助生长剂，基体内纤维状多形体的存在提高了AlN陶瓷的强度和韧性。

There are two kinds of spinels in a granulite terrain of Yushujgou, South Tianshan Mountain. One occurs in the intermediate and basic granulite units and is characterized by enriched Al and poor Cr, belonging to Al_spinel. In thin sections it shows dark green color and subhedral to anhedral form, and coexists with other metamorphic minerals, suggesting a neogenic metamorphic mineral of granulite facies. The other occurs in the adjacent ultramafic rock unit, belonging to Cr_spinel. In thin sections, it is dark brown in color and is scattered among olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene as irregular grains, indicating a stable residual mineral in the process of granulite facies metamorphism.

新疆榆树沟麻粒岩地体中发育两类尖晶石：一类见于中、基性麻粒岩体中，其化学成分富 Al贫 Cr ，属铝尖晶石，镜下为深绿色，呈半自形至他形粒状，与其它变质矿物共生，表现为麻粒岩相的新生变质矿物；另一类发育在空间上与麻粒岩体紧密相邻的超镁铁质岩体中，为铬尖晶石，镜下为深褐红色，呈不规则粒状分布于橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石之间，为麻粒岩相变质过程中稳定的残余矿物。

But detail geochemical study indicates (Wu et al., 2002)that those rocks have low Sr〓(0.706), high ε〓(-0.5～-1.9), young age of Nd model age (970-1090Ma) and syngenesis with surrounding I-type granites. The rock originated from partial melting of source igneous rock and belongs to I type granites. The occurrence of high alumina minerals is related to the intense interaction of magma and liquid during the late period of magma evolution, and tetrad REE patterns are formed.

但详细的地球化学研究表明(Wu et al。，2002)，岩体具有低的Sr〓(0.706)、高ε〓(-0.5～-1.9)、年轻的Nd模式年龄(970-1090Ma)及与周围Ⅰ型花岗岩的共生关系，认为岩体是火成岩源岩物质部分熔融的产物，属于Ⅰ型花岗岩，高铝矿物的出现与岩浆演化晚期强烈的岩浆—流体相互作用有关，并形成特征的稀土元素四分组效应。

With mature seeds of C. dayanum as explants, different media were selected to establish asymbiotic germination technique system With protocorms as materials, conservation, proliferation resumption and plant regeneration conditions were selected to establish low-temperature in vitro conservation technique system preliminarily. Mature seeds of C.

方法］以冬凤兰种子为外植体，选择不同培养基建立冬凤兰非共生萌发技术；同时利用原球茎为材料，选择低温离体保存，恢复增殖及植株再生条件，初步建立冬凤兰低温离体保存技术体系。

After the selection from one to three generations, several mutants were obtained. The major mutants included non-nodule mutants (18 lines) which failed to nodulate after inoculated with rhizobia for two weeks, ineffective nodulation mutants (9 lines) which had less uneven and white or transparent nodules, an abnormal leaf and flower mutant which was dwarf without stipules, abnormal flowers and less nodules, and a slender mutant with a thin stem and smaller leaves.

从种植的三代植株中，筛选到多种共生固氮根瘤的突变体，其中不结根瘤突变体18个株系，表现为接种根瘤菌两周后无根瘤形成；结无效根瘤突变体9个株系，表现为根瘤数目少且分布不均匀，根瘤呈白色，有些为半透明；花叶形态异常突变体1个株系，表现为除根瘤数目少外，植株矮小、托叶消失、花形态异常；纤细突变体1个株系，表现为除根瘤数目少外，植株变小、茎细叶小。

The symbiosis between coral-inhabiting snail Coralliophila violacea and Porites spp.Different host specificity is commonn in symbiotic organism. Larval preference, post-settlement mortality and juvenile preference are the possible mechanisms.

共生生物的分布常有不同程度的专一性，而幼生时期的选择、著床后的死亡率、幼体或成体时期的选择可能是造成这种现象的机制，此外共生生物的适应会和宿主有密切的关系。

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。