共生

So we conclude that phylogenetic relationships between different aphids and their endosymbiotic bacterium Buchnera may be different, and this conclusion is accordant with previous study. This work not only fill a gap on phylogenetic relationships between the three aphids, M.

这一工作不仅弥补了这三种蚜虫与其内共生菌Buchnera之间的进化关系空白，同时有助于我们在了解这些蚜虫Buchnera的系统进化特征的基础上，进一步全面地了解了这三种蚜虫的内共生菌Buchnera。

A mutualistic relationship has been established during coevolution between aphid hosts and the primary endosymbiotic bacteria Buchnera.

已知绝大多数类群的蚜虫具有内共生细菌-布赫纳氏菌Buchnera，共生菌被局限在特殊的结构—&含菌细胞&中，简称&菌胞&。

Cloned one virus binding protein from Rhopalosiphum maize Yangling biotype through PCR technique, using designed specific primers based on this protein partially sequence. In nucleotide and amino acid sequenece levels, this protein was identified as GroEL protem of endosymbiotic bacterium (Buchnera sp.) of aphid.

以玉米蚜杨凌生物型为材料，设计特异性引物采用PCR的方法在国内首先克隆了一种玉米蚜体内参与传毒的共生菌groEL基因，序列测定结果表明：玉米蚜杨凌生物型共生菌groEL基因全长为1647bp。

The dominance of organizational populations tied to instruments manufacturing by symbiotic or commensalistic relations increases the rate of foundings of instruments manufacturers, whereas the dominance of organizational populations that lack these relations decreases it.

组织成员通过共生或共栖关系依赖于制造业的统治方式增加了仪器制造商的创建率，而组织成员间缺乏共生或共栖关系的统治方式降低了创建率。

The results showed that at the beginning stage of being attacked by Chinesis white pine beetle and their symbiotic blue-stain fungus, PAL, PPO, SOD activities and MDA content significantly increased in the phloem of P. armandi, and decreased with the increase of the number of D. armandi and the attacking on the xylem and phloem of P. armandi from blue-stain fungus, then reached the minimum level in withering stage of P. armandi. But the contents of nutrition materials in the phloem, such as water, protein, glucide, fat, amylum and so on, declined with the infestation of D. armandi and symbiotic fungus. In summary, the resistance of physiology and biochemistry in the phloem of P.

结果表明，在华山松大小蠹和共生蓝变真菌危害初期，华山松韧皮部内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著提高，丙二醛含量明显增加；但随着华山松大小蠹种群数量的增加和蓝变真菌对华山松韧皮部和木质部组织危害的加剧，韧皮部组织内的PAL、PPO和SOD活性逐渐降低，在枯立木阶段降至最低；与此同时，华山松韧皮部内的水分及蛋白质、糖类、粗脂肪、淀粉等营养物质含量，则随华山松大小蠹和共生蓝变真菌危害的加剧而不断减少。

The former is thought to result in the abstraction;the latter makes the relation disappear.Secondly,put forward my ownunderstanding of this relation,which should be understood from double meaning:the relation between individual being and the essence of society;the relationbetween individual and the society as a whole.Thirdly,analyse its form inreality from the association of substance and function to prove that it is asymbiosis in which both side depend on each other and create each other.Fourthly,work out a conception of neo-collectivism and attempt to provefrom several aspects on the basis of the understanding of social departmentologyin the view of symbiosis.

本文所做的工作主要是：（1）分析了目前在个人与社会之关系问题上的两种错误理解，即实体化理解和功能化理解，认为前者导致问题的抽象化，后者则在实质上取消了问题本身；（2）提出对于个人与社会之关系的理解，应当在两重意义上予以综合把握：个人存在与其社会本质的关系，以及个人与社会整体的关系；（3）从主体与关系相结合的维度分析了个人与社会之关系的现实形式，即是二者之间互相依存、双向互塑的共生关系；（4）在对社会本位论做共生论理解之拓展了的视界中，提出新集体主义的构想，并从多个方面进行论证。

The ore minerals consist mainly of pitchblende UO(superscript x, x=2.16~2.70. The pitchblende is mainly intergrown intimately with diagenetic minerals, parts of which is intergrown with authigenic kaolinite, while another parts of which is intergrown or juxtaposed with pyrite of ore-stage, indicating simultaneous precipitation.

镜下观察结果显示，铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿UO(下标 x， x=2.16~2.70，部分与自生高岭石共生，部分则紧密地与矿化阶段黄铁矿共生或交互生长，表明同时沉淀。

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are the most widespread mutualistic symbionts among the symbionts between plants and microbes.

摘要在植物与微生物的共生体中，最广泛的互惠共生体就是丛枝菌根。

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is the mutualistic association between AM fungi and most terrestrial plants: the plant roots offer carbohydrates to the fungi; in return, the fungi assist the plants with uptake of mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate, from soil, and their subsequent transfer to the root cortical cells.

南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院，南京 210095摘要丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal， AM)共生是丛枝菌根真菌与大多数陆地植物的根系之间形成的一种互利共生关系。植物给菌根真菌提供碳水化合物；作为回报，菌根真菌能够增强植物对矿质营养元素的吸收。

Facultative mutualism The majority of mutualisms are nonobligatory and opportunistic.

这些互利共生可能是散开的，包含有不同的物种混合，如许多传粉者与其传粉植物之间的互利共生。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。