共时的

There are 196 groups of allotropy inDunhuang Bianwenall together while giving a synchronic description on structure, meaning and usage of these words, this paper also analyses the diachronic development and changes of these words. Then it probes deeply thespecial characteristics on these words of allotropy inDunhuang Bianwen. Finally, it explains the reasons of appearance about allotropy from the Chinese history.

敦煌变文中共出现了196组同素异序词，首先对这些词的结构、意义和用法进行了共时考察，揭示了同素异序词在这一时期呈现出的独特面貌；然后又历时地分析了这些词在现代汉语中的存亡情况，挖掘了同素异序词的发展演变轨迹；最后从汉语发展史的角度阐释了同素异序词的产生原因。

The physical model of polarizing beam coupling and splitting system using altazimuth coude telescope is built up based on Mueller matrix and Stokes vector. The phenomena of the decreasing of the receiving efficiency are successfully explained by this model. Three dynamic phase compensation solutions are proposed: 1 Two quarter-wave plates are rotated to compensate the phase of the laser.

针对这个问题，建立了地平式折轴望远镜的共孔径偏振耦合分光模型，用Stokes矢量和Mueller矩阵分析了在望远镜旋转过程中激光偏振态的变化，数值模拟计算了望远镜处于不同方位角和天顶角时的偏振耦合分光效率，解释了实验中观察到的望远镜旋转导致偏振耦合分光效率退化的现象。

It made a multi-dimensional exposition on the source of the reading mode's evolution, from horizontal (the mingling and clash between eastern and western culture) to historical (the rupture of ancient and contemporary culture); from synchronous (the clash among mainstream, elite and commonage culture and culture structure) to diachronic (culture turbulence in the century's end transition).

从横向(东西方文化的交融与冲击)到纵向，从共时(主流、精英、大众三种文化构成间的冲突)到历时(世界末的文化转型期造成的文化动荡)，多维度地阐述了造成阅读消费方式变更的根源。

With the modified method, the focal field of WSRT telescope was computed. Based on the result, the dense focal plane array was designed for the telescope. The weights of focal plane array were given by the conjugate field method and the far fields of WSRT were computed.

采用改进的算法计算了WSRT望远镜的焦面场，并根据计算结果设计了WSRT望远镜的致密焦面阵结构；用共轭匹配法对阵列单元加权、计算相应的远场方向图，并与采用单个馈源时的远场方向图作比较。

We search on the courses of conjunctional grammaticalization by means of the theory of grammaticalization and methods with semantics. Then we differentiate and analyze the difference of grammatical function of synonymous conjunctions through comparison and try to give some explain in diachronic aspect. Finally we probe the laws of conjunctional grammaticalization and ways.

个案分析方面，我们运用语法化理论和方法，结合语义学、认知心理学等理论思想，从句法结构、语义变化分析的方面入手，将共时描写与历时分析相结合，试图探寻连词的语法化过程，通过比较法辨析相近连词的语法功能的差别，并试着从历史演变的角度给出解释，最后对连词演变的机制和规律进行初步归纳和总结。

The dissertation is an overall study about Lishan"s Annotation from literary angle by analysing concrete matters. The modern linguistics theory is used in the course of researching. The study method is that synchronic analysis and diachronic study are combined. It"s expected that the thesis would make a contribution to the study of Lishan"s egegesis ,or even that of Tang dynasty"s exegetics.

本文从文学作品导读的角度，并运用现代语言学理论，共时描写和历时考察相结合，在微观分析的基础上，全面、宏观地研究《文选》李注的训诂问题，以期对李善训诂乃至唐代训诂的研究提供一定的参考。

Based on Gudykunst'spsychocultural influences on the process of communication and Farch and Kasper's psychological and strategic model, the paper discusses connotation and interactions of cultural stereotypes, cultural transfer and cultural empathy, and analyzes their influences on intercultural communication strategiesfrom the point of synchronism and levels.

本文以Gudykunst的心理文化对交际过程的影响及Farch和Kasper的心理策略模式为理论基础，解析文化定势、文化迁移、文化移情三个变量的内涵和互动性，从共时和层级的角度分析对跨文化交际策略的隐性影响。

The research of phonetic grouping is mainly the analysis of historic evolution, but the lexical grouping in this thesis focuses on synchronic aspect. Sounds and lexicon have their own features and evolution rules. Therefore it is inevitable that grouping phonetically and lexically should be different.

山东方言语音分区的研究是对方言语音历史演变的分析，而本文所做的词汇分区的讨论着重于共时平面，而且语音和词汇各有不同的特性和演变规律，因此以语音分区和以词汇分区必然会得出不同的结论。

Loti ? Bronte's "Jane ? love" not only has a total of profound significance when, with Dickens, Thackeray and other distinguished novelist reveals the same broad political and social truth, which lasted more complex of origin and value.

洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》不仅具有深刻的共时性意义，与狄更斯、萨克雷等一批杰出的小说家一样广泛揭示了政治和社会的真理，更有其复杂的历时性渊源和价值。

From both synchronic and diachronic point of view, the "Great Vowel Shift" which occurred during and after the "Renaissance" in Britain, and the varieties of Englishes that have existed in the USA, Australia and India are two classic examples.

从历时和共时两个方面来看，较为典型的例证就是发生在英国&文艺复兴&时期的&元音巨变&和英语在美国、澳大利亚、印度以及亚太地区的变体形式。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。