共时地

There are 196 groups of allotropy inDunhuang Bianwenall together while giving a synchronic description on structure, meaning and usage of these words, this paper also analyses the diachronic development and changes of these words. Then it probes deeply thespecial characteristics on these words of allotropy inDunhuang Bianwen. Finally, it explains the reasons of appearance about allotropy from the Chinese history.

敦煌变文中共出现了196组同素异序词，首先对这些词的结构、意义和用法进行了共时考察，揭示了同素异序词在这一时期呈现出的独特面貌；然后又历时地分析了这些词在现代汉语中的存亡情况，挖掘了同素异序词的发展演变轨迹；最后从汉语发展史的角度阐释了同素异序词的产生原因。

Expand questionnaire, data, result, analysis, interpretation, make/draw the conclusion VACATION Scenery,(make Australian book a the room 婚介所 matrimonial agency 婚外恋 extramarital love domestic demand and consumption 雅思听力必备分类词汇 reservation), dollars, Pound, currency Canadian dollars, RENTING A HOUSE land/lord, surroundings(rural suburb, downtown,rooms(single room, double bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, balcony)facilities(heater, radiators, carpet, microwave refrigerator, telephone, stove, oven), COURSE SELECTION courses(mathematic, literature, psychology, philosophy, primary, secondary, enrolment, credits, history, physics, anthropology), intermediate, advanced, course number, hour, land/lady, areas, Japanese Yen, country, and language (French, Cantonese, Mandarin, German, Japanese, Arabic), names of people and places, credit card Russian, Italian, Portuguese,婚纱摄影 bride photo 黑心棉 shoddy cotton 机器阅卷 machine scoring 即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 价格听证会 public price hearings 甲 A 球队 Division A Soccer Team 家政服务 household management service 加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion 假帐 accounting fraud 叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel 矫情 use lame arguments 渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence 借调 temporarily transfer prices, bed facilities(bed linen, spread, pillow, blanket), information lease, of mattress, sheet, personal boarders, utilities, level of courseselementary, entrance hall(lobby, porch, unfurnished/furnished, apartment/flat, blackout GEOGRAPHIC SITUATION City names, population, full-time/part-time student, required/compulsory courses, elective/selective/optional advantages/disadvantages (pros/cons, merits/ demerits, strong/ weak points), climate and weather, dialect, language whether accent, ORIENTATION Surroundings, history of school, teachers and faculty, buildings, their functions and places, like it or not, main attraction (miss, long for, love, like, look forward to, enjoy RESEARCH Hypothesis, investigation, survey, interview, COMPUTER LAB Lab rules, printer, copier, fax machine, modem, Macintosh, network, access to the net 第 25 页(共 76 页)雅思词汇 LIBRARY Due, overdue and pay a fine, information desk, call slip, library card, renew, catalogue (under titles/authors/subjects), periodical, current / back issues, librarian and reader, open/closed shelves, reference books, stacks

5，感官记忆：记单词时不要只用一种感官，尽可能地用多个感官，耳听嘴读手写眼看心记等 6，软件记忆：有电脑的可利用电脑软件进行记单词，如开心背单词，开天辟地背单词，我爱背单词等 7，构词记忆：利用构词法，通过分析词根，前缀，后缀，派生和合成等记忆单词 8，图表记忆：利用形象的图表进行记忆，它的优点是意形物直观的结合到一起，你可以找一本英语图解字典作为参考一起进行单词记忆扩大了词义 14，词典记忆：背字典这种方法是一种强行记忆的方法，它的缺点是容易忘记，只是孤立记住单词的意义，可以作为一种短时间的强化手段 15，复习记忆：单词记住了很快会忘掉，每隔一段时间要进行复习巩固所学单词 16，商标记忆：通过看到的商标和广告随时随地进行单词记 17，比较记忆： 1英汉比较如 mama cigar ， beer bar fee 等 2，单复数的比较如 good goods spirits spirit wood woods 3，同音词的比较如 center write eye 第 26 页(共 76 页)雅思词汇 4，词的阴阳性的比较如 actor actress host hostess 18，理解记忆：通过正确理解单词的本义，引申义和比喻义，等如 second 是秒，它来源于古代的六分法分秒，它是二次划分。

In these portion,the article begins the study of tone sandhi from the point view of two-character phrases and three-character phrases,which is also the focus and difficult point as well.On the basis of substantial materials of Dingzhou dialect,the author elaborates its rules and principles of tone sandhi of the general phrases and those with light tones,and reiterative location.the author puts his views as follows: 1.The rules of tone sandhi of two- character phrase are simple and unitive. 2.The complex of the phrase with light tones lies in the combination of the first tone and light tone.In the case,there are two different pronunciations in Dingzhou dialect.The author guesses it is the coexist of ancient pronunciations and common spoken Chinese. 3.The tone sandhi of general three-character phrases on the basis of the rules of that of two- character phrases,using the grammar structure of the three-character phrases as the restricted conduction,which function jointly. 4.The rules of tone sandhi of three- character phrases with light tones are restricted only by that of the two- character phrases with light tones and thus are foreign to grammar structure. 5.The tone sandhi of the words with reiterative location has their own system.

这两章中，作者采用直接调查法，社会语言学方法分别从一般字组、含轻声字组和叠音词字组三个方面对定州方言连读变调进行详尽地描写，文章中既有对连读变调的共时性描写，也有对连读变调历时性推测，总的来讲笔者认为定州方言变调具有一定的系统性，主要表现在以下几个方面：两字组连读变调规律简单统一，含轻声字两字组内部规律较为复杂，但是具有很强的一致性；定州方言含轻声两字组变调的复杂性主要表现在阴平+轻声的组合中，在这种情况下，定州方言有两种读音方式，推测它是语音存古现象和普通话语音并存的结果；一般三字组连读变调以两字组连读变调规律为基础，以三字组的语法结构为制约条件，二者共同发生作用；轻声三字组变调规律只受轻声两字组变调规律的制约，与语法结构无关；叠音词的变调规律自成系统。

It made a multi-dimensional exposition on the source of the reading mode's evolution, from horizontal (the mingling and clash between eastern and western culture) to historical (the rupture of ancient and contemporary culture); from synchronous (the clash among mainstream, elite and commonage culture and culture structure) to diachronic (culture turbulence in the century's end transition).

从横向(东西方文化的交融与冲击)到纵向，从共时(主流、精英、大众三种文化构成间的冲突)到历时(世界末的文化转型期造成的文化动荡)，多维度地阐述了造成阅读消费方式变更的根源。

The dissertation is an overall study about Lishan"s Annotation from literary angle by analysing concrete matters. The modern linguistics theory is used in the course of researching. The study method is that synchronic analysis and diachronic study are combined. It"s expected that the thesis would make a contribution to the study of Lishan"s egegesis ,or even that of Tang dynasty"s exegetics.

本文从文学作品导读的角度，并运用现代语言学理论，共时描写和历时考察相结合，在微观分析的基础上，全面、宏观地研究《文选》李注的训诂问题，以期对李善训诂乃至唐代训诂的研究提供一定的参考。

But circumstances inside the Wang Jia Wei film displays one kind sometimes all in linearity time going over and future hanging to purchase state , that often is able to point out solar terms in event beginning in image "hooligan formal biography " in famous show opening,"Chongqing tells the sum the "east evil west is poisonous to the date relapse in forest "" despite of he uses detail to go to emphasize the time concept unceasingly,these stories that he gives an account of and not special time background, they may may happen within this city corner every day, They whip the specimen being away from out in life only from the city But that you only are capable to do some detail discovering two stories is each other alternative in fact , Wang Jia Wei uses this to play hide-and-seek coming to bring about one kind of synchronic sex effect dyadic game if you had looked at "Chongqing forest " carefully,chance and nothing order having shown the present age city life now that the linearity time concept having dispeled tradition narrating is protruding, the intention having formed one kind of dyadic spirit of existentialism thereby accumulates, Wang Jia Wei applying on space is more than time benefits by associating together, If you have looked at Wang Jia Wei's work but have moved, that is by no means since are what the overall world impression initiates, but being resonance because of detail, is fragmentary as well as atmosphere called up by the subjective soliloquy that the garrulity spends can let you produce mental conception makes

王家卫电影里的场景往往都在线性时间的过去和未来中呈现出一种悬置状态，尽管他不断地用细节去强调时间概念，像《阿飞正传》里那个著名的开场、《重庆森林》里对日期的反复诉说和《东邪西毒》里经常会在事件开头指出节气，但他讲述的这些故事并没有特别的时间背景，它们可能每天都会发生在这个城市的角落里，它们只是从城市生活中抽离出来的标本。如果你仔细看过《重庆森林》，你就会发现两个故事的某些细节其实是互相交错的，王家卫用这种捉迷藏式的游戏来造成一种共时性的效果，既消解了传统叙事的线性时间观念又凸现了当代都市生活的偶然和无序，从而形成了一种存在主义式的精神意蕴，而王家卫在空间上的运用更是与其时间相得益彰，如果你看了王家卫的作品而感动的话，那绝不是由于整体世界的印象所引发的，而是因为细节、片断以及絮语化的主观独白所唤起的气氛能让你产生心领神会的共鸣使然

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼"发生学结构主义"小说社会学理论，选择"结构"作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，"理解"和"解释"小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

Based on the rich historical soil and macrostructure of society, this thesis draws from the perspective of sociology on Lucien Goldmann's sociologictheory on novels-happenstantialistic structuralism, chooses structure as the key point of tangency with respect to the change of viewpoint following the sociologic imagination, andthus focuses on the interpretation of sociology on both the Chinese and Western novels by analyzing the social spirits and cultural spirits. From the standpoint of successive longitudinal happenstantialism and conexisting horizontal structuralism, the thesis also endeavors to understand and interpret the complicated relationship between novel structure and spiritual structure of sodiety from the external to the internal, thus systematically illustrates the deep relationship between novels and society.

论文将小说置于社会学视野内，立足深厚的历史土壤，依据宏观的社会构架，发挥社会学的想象力，借鉴吕西安·戈德曼&发生学结构主义&小说社会学理论，选择&结构&作为遵循社会学想象力进行视角转换的重要切入点，着重从社会精神和文化精神的层面对中西小说进行社会学的阐释；在历时纵向发生学和共时横向结构主义的视阈中，由此及彼，由表及里，&理解&和&解释&小说结构与社会精神结构间的复杂关系，进而系统地阐明小说与社会的深层关系。

However, the mindset and consciousness of myth remain hidden synchronically in people's psychological structure, exerting significant influence on culture and civilization.

然而，神话思维和神话意识则共时性地隐匿于人们的心理结构之中，对文明和文化依然施加了重要影响。

The Shangluo dialects are very complicated because of immigration. The local dialects belong to the north dialects, while the guest dialects belong to the south dialects. The local dialects develop faster than the guest dialects, the latter are relatively conventional. In fact their differences of phonetics structure at synchronic planes just reflect each phase of Chinese dialects at historical planes. The third chapter studies the phonological structure and historical changes from intiai consonant simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable and tone on the base of the synchronic planes, consulting QieYun and ZhongYuan phonology.

商洛方言由于移民原因具有复综性的特点，本地话属北方方言，客户话属南方语系，相比之下本地话发展较快与北方官话基本一致，而客户话就显得保守一些存古的东西更多，共时平面的差异实际上反映了汉语方言历时层面的不同阶段，第三章基于商洛方言共时平面的特点，参照《切韵》和《中原音韵》，从声母、韵母、声调三个方面研究了商洛方言的音韵结构和历史演变，并对汉语史的某些语音现象做了相应地解释。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。