共同需求

This article discusses the process of teacher education from unity to diversification, and analyses the questions of teacher profession in student selection, pre-job education, practical training, qualification, employ, and on-job education. It recommends 11 improvement strategies as follow: to control severely and to make better demand evaluation, to preserve partly students at government expense to spread excellent mission, to postpone the pre-job education to graduation, to make system and resource soundness in teacher education center, to make the curriculum of pre-job education flexible, to communicate college and school closely, to examine qualification actually, to unitize the teacher employ impartially, to bring the outsider into the teacher arbitration board, to classify teachers, and to found the major on-job education unit drawing up the integrated on-job education system.

摘要本文探讨我国师资培育从封闭一元到多元开放的历程，并从教师专业的角度分析师资培育多元化之後，在甄选学生，职前培育，实习，资格检定，教师聘任，以及进修等方面所遭遇的问题，对於这些问题提出下列十一项改进策略：需要严格把关，并做好需求评估；保留部分师范公费生以传承优良使命；师资培育职前课程应延至学士程度之後；「师资培育中心」制度须健全，资源须充分；职前培育课程必须具有弹性，避免固定僵化；大学与实习学校必须共同规划，密切交流；资格检定必须经过实质审查；聘任的方式必须有一致性与公平性；教评会应考虑纳入外部人士；师资培育多元化须配合教师分级制度；成立专责进修单位，规划整全系统的进修制度，提升教师进修品质。

Will the future arrive? It seems as though we might almost put this question, when we behold so much terrible darkness. Melancholy face-to-face encounter of selfish and wretched. On the part of the selfish, the prejudices, shadows of costly education, appetite increasing through intoxication, a giddiness of prosperity which dulls, a fear of suffering which, in some, goes as far as an aversion for the suffering, an implacable satisfaction, the I so swollen that it bars the soul; on the side of the wretched covetousness, envy, hatred of seeing others enjoy, the profound impulses of the human beast towards assuaging its desires, hearts full of mist, sadness, need, fatality, impure and simple ignorance.Shall we continue to raise our eyes to heaven? Is the luminous point which we distinguish there one of those which vanish?

我们应当不厌其烦地反复提出：要最先想到那些没有生计的痛苦民众，为他们减少困难，让他们得到空气和光明，爱护他们，扩大他们的视野，使他们感到灿烂辉煌，用种种形式为他们提供接受教育的机会，为他们提供劳动的榜样，而不是游手好闲的榜样，减轻他们个人负担的压力，增加他们对总目标的认识，限制穷困而不限制财富，大量创造人民共同劳动的天地，象布里亚柔斯①那样，把一百只手从四面八方伸向受压迫和软弱无力的人，为这一伟大职责运用集体的力量，为所有的胳膊开设工厂，为所有的才能开办学校，为所有的智力设立实验室，增加工资，减轻惩罚，平衡收支，也就是说，调整福利与劳动之间和享用与需求之间的比重。

The paper coalesces these three theories and posits three assumptions to the determinants of subsistence of NATO after the Cold War, that is: 1, The U.S.A as a superpower around the world is the leader of the alliance. The development of NATO accords with American interests. The U.S.A supports the existence of NATO. 2, The alliance furnished the members with mutual security interests and their different needs of self-interests. Most of the leaguers identify with NATO's status and function toward European security. 3, Each of the members has its specific national interests goals. The conformity of their crucial aims affects the situation of stability and development of the alliance. It will be a positive effect to the alliance when they are accorded and it will be a negative one when they are diverged.

本文结合了这几个主要流派在联盟理论方面的卓越部分，在此基础上，对北约联盟在冷战后存续的决定性因素作出了自己的理论假说并对其进行了论证，即：1、美国这个超级大国是北约的主导国，北约的继续发展符合美国利益，美国支持北约的存续；2、北约组织为其成员国提供了可以分享的共同安全利益以及各自不同的利益需求，其绝大多数成员国认同该联盟在欧洲安全中所扮演的的角色及其地位和作用；3、北约各成员国各自特殊利益目标的一致性与否影响北约的存续，即，当成员国特殊利益目标一致时，其行动方向一致，对北约的存续产生正面作用；当不一致或发生冲突时，其行动方向歧异，对北约的发展产生负面作用。

The needs of a cadre of kiddies are nowhere close to those of the online world, and adjustments needed to be made.

在线世界的人的需求和当孩子孩子王的要求毫无共同之处，所以我必须做出改变。

The symbol system provides a power framework for the ruling authority of communities. Then, the exercise of village community leaders' informal power legitimates itself on local spiritual symbols and traditional cultures, and it is also expected to represent the whole villagers to communicate with their own god in order to meet the mental needs of community members.

民间信仰的象徵体系为村落共同体的组织权威提供了一个权力架构，所有村落社区领导人的非正式权力运作，其合法性就建立在地方性神灵象徵体系和传统文化的基础上，并被期待成为一个能代表村落社区集体与神灵进行沟通祈愿的中介，以满足社区成员共同的心理需求。

The discussion of four dimensions of physical environments, organizational environments, human aggregates and social climates of the analysis of Moos' theory of social climate can clearly express lesbian students' subjective experience of lesbian and heterosexual interaction on campus and the needs of development in sexual identity.

透过Moos社会气氛理论分析，以物理环境、组织因素、群体共同特质与社会气氛四个面向的讨论，可清楚呈现女同志学生校园同异互动的主观经验及性取向发展的需求。

By analyzing the difference in the need of accounting information,the paper oppugns that the current practice which satisfies the so-called "common need" with the general accounting report.

本文通过研究会计信息需求差异，对现行的以通用型财务报告来满足所谓&共同需要&的作法提出了质疑，认为：通用型财务报告形式的制度安排无法满足相关性要求日益强烈的个性化信息需要。

Principal evaluation brings many benefits. Kathy Weiss (1989) notes that it encourages communication within organizations, facilitates mutual goal setting by principals and superintendents, sensitizes evaluators to principals' needs, and motivates principals to improve. Some 97 percent of the administratorsin her study agreed that the process of evaluation had encouraged communication between principals and superintendents, and 88 percent agreed that the principals had improved as a result.

校长评鉴带来许多好处，Kathy Weiss (1989)指出它鼓励了组织中的沟通，方便於校长与督学共同目标的设立，让评鉴者感受到校长的需求，并引起校长去改善的动机，在她的研究中大约97%的行政人员同意评鉴的过程鼓励了校长与督学的沟通；88%同意评鉴的结果将使校长有所改善。

Principal evaluation brings many benefits. Kathy Weiss (1989) notes that it encourages communication within organizations, facilitates mutual goal setting by principals and superintendents, sensitizes evaluators to principals' needs, and motivates principals to improve. Some 97 percent of the administratorsin her study agreed that the process of evaluation had encouraged communication between principals and superintendents, and 88 percent agreed that the principals had improved as a result.

校长评鉴带来许多好处，Kathy Weiss (1989)指出它鼓励了组织中的沟通，方便於校长与督学共同目标的设立，让评鉴者感受到校长的需求，并引起校长去改善的动机，在她的研究中大约97%的行政人员同意评鉴的过程鼓励了校长与督学的沟通；88%同意评鉴的结果使校长有所改善。

Let us not weary of repeating, and sympathetic souls must not forget that this is the first of fraternal obligations, and selfish hearts must understand that the first of political necessities consists in thinking first of all of the disinherited and sorrowing throngs, in solacing, airing, enlightening, loving them, in enlarging their horizon to a magnificent extent, in lavishing upon them education in every form, in offering them the example of labor, never the example of idleness, in diminishing the individual burden by enlarging the notion of the universal aim, in setting a limit to poverty without setting a limit to wealth, in creating vast fields of public and popular activity, in having, like Briareus, a hundred hands to extend in all directions to the oppressed and the feeble, in employing the collective power for that grand duty of opening workshops for all arms, schools for all aptitudes, and laboratories for all degrees of intelligence, in augmenting salaries, diminishing trouble, balancing what should be and what is, that is to say, in proportioning enjoyment to effort and a glut to need; in a word, in evolving from the social apparatus more light and more comfort for the benefit of those who suffer and those who are ignorant.

我们应当不厌其烦地反复提出：要最先想到那些没有生计的痛苦民众，为他们减少困难，让他们得到空气和光明，爱护他们，扩大他们的视野，使他们感到灿烂辉煌，用种种形式为他们提供接受教育的机会，为他们提供劳动的榜样，而不是游手好闲的榜样，减轻他们个人负担的压力，增加他们对总目标的认识，限制穷困而不限制财富，大量创造人民共同劳动的天地，象布里亚柔斯①那样，把一百只手从四面八方伸向受压迫和软弱无力的人，为这一伟大职责运用集体的力量，为所有的胳膊开设工厂，为所有的才能开办学校，为所有的智力设立实验室，增加工资，减轻惩罚，平衡收支，也就是说，调整福利与劳动之间和享用与需求之间的比重。总之，要使社会机器为受苦和无知的人的利益发出更多的光明和更多的温暖，使富于同情心的人不忘记这些，这是人间友爱的第一义务，使自私自利的人懂得这些，这是政治的第一需要。①布里亚柔斯，神话中的巨人，是天和地的儿子，有五十个头和一百只手。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。