共同特性

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

Money is the common denominator in which accounting measurements are made and summarized.

货币是进行会计计量和汇总的共同特性。

This deterministic system has collective properties in very close correspondence with the earlier stochastic model based on McCulloch - Pitts neurons.

这决定性的系统拥有与早期McCulloch – Pitts神经元模型一致的共同特性。

First of all, the paper carried out test study on four two-spanned model members of FSMRCWB, including three 1/2-scaled two-storeyed models and one 1/3-scaled three-storeyed model. The paper analyzed the test results, including analysis on mechanical property of the composite wall beam under vertical loads, and failure mode, deformation capacity, aseismic performance under horizontal loads and constant vertical loads. Secondly, the nonlinear property of concrete is studed and the nonlinear models of FSMRCSS is builded by ANSYS. Last, The paper studies the result of ANSYS, which mainly includes the loading-displace curve of FSMRCSS under horizontal loads and constant vertical loads, the mechanics of arch under vertical loads lonely and under horizontal loads and constant vertical loads respectively, and status of the distribution and changing of vertical stress and cross shear on the surface of the suporting beam, and the influence of span ratio and hole.All in all, the caculating results are in good agreement with the test results.

本文首先进行了三个1/2比例的两跨两层和一个1/3比例的两跨三层的框支密肋复合墙梁的模型试验，分析了框支密肋复合墙梁在竖向荷载作用下的受力性能，以及在竖向荷载与水平低周反复荷载共同作用下的受力性能、变形性能、滞回性能、耗能系数及破坏形态；其次，研究了混凝土的非线性特性，建立了框支密肋复合墙梁非线性有限元模型，并借助大型通用有限元软件ANSYS进行计算；再则，进行了非线性有限元结果分析，主要研究框支密肋复合墙梁在竖向荷载与水平地震力共同作用下的荷载位移曲线，分析在竖向荷载单独作用下和在竖向荷载与水平地震力共同作用下墙梁的拱作用，托梁顶面的竖向应力和横向剪应力分布及变化情况，并讨论跨度比、洞口对墙梁拱作用和托梁顶面的竖向应力的影响。

Compared with profit organizations, such as managing risks of enterprises, the running of private higher education institutions has the common features of general risks, such as the objectivity, polytropism, nondeterminacy, dualism and potentiality of risks, whiles as a high education organization of nonprofit, it has its own features different from the enterprise risks, such as the worse perniciousness, exigency, complexity, social sensitivity and groupment.

与营利性组织如企业经营风险相比，民办高校办学风险既具有一般性风险的共同特性，如风险的客观性、多变性、不确定性、双重性、潜在性等特性，但作为非盈利性的高等教育组织，民办高校更多的是有着与企业风险所不同的自身特点，如更为严重的危害性、急迫性、复杂性、社会敏感性、群体性。

Objectives and methods: The present study is undertaken to examine our hypothesis that with the accumulation of ion channels, increased sialic acids at the injury site or DRG somata result in a reduction of net transmembrane potential that evoke ESD in injured neurons.

膜蛋白的一个共同特性是其膜外域接受密集的糖基化，糖基含有大量带负电的唾液酸，如大部分离子通道，特别是电压依赖性的钠通道含有大量的唾液酸，而且这些负电荷靠近钠通道的电压感受器而易化通道开放。

Firstly,based on the WR Sexton method,the method and mathematic models of supplementing the sub-idle rotating component characteristics is presented.Secondly,the turbofan windmilling high-low pressure rotor co-working equations and the whole engine co-working equations are established.lastly,a turbofan engine windmilling characteristics under various windmilling conditions are simulated and analyzed.

首先，基于不可压流理论，附以可压缩效应修正的指数法发展了补充慢车转速以下部件特性的计算模型和计算程序；其次，根据流量连续、压力平衡、功率平衡、燃烧室进出口总温相等及转速相等等约束条件建立了风车状态时涡扇发动机高低压转子及整机的共同工作方程；最后发展了具有一定计算精度的涡扇发动机风车状态特性计算模型和程序，并以某型涡扇发动机为例，计算分析了不同飞行条件下发动机的风车特性，从计算结果看，其趋势是合理的。

The regression analysis results indicated that quality traits, such as grain traits, flour qualities, dough properties, starch viscosity and flour color, had significant effects on processing quality for pan bread, steamed bread and noodle in Xinjiang winter wheats. FAC, WGC, BD, L(superscript *) and a(superscript *) had common effects on processing quality of pan bread, steamed bread and noodle, and DT, ST and E had common effects on processing quality of pan bread and noodle.

回归分析结果表明，小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响；面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状；形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状；而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

The database doesn't have enough fields to cover the additional information related to one point of interest.

我们用它来在持续存储一些连续的，有共同特性的值，数据库没有足够的字段来覆盖某个特性相关的，额外的特性。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐