公平条件

The propose of the research is to insist on the view of applying to solve the various confusion in applying at present when present The Doctrine of Equivalents in China by analyzing dispute in applying of DOE; apply the research method of history analysis and compare synthetically, integrate with the case analysis and draw the conclusion: It is necessary to induct The Doctrine of Equivalents to prevent the tortious people filching the benefit of the inventor and confirm whether the infringed people imitated and copied patent on purpose, it is international tidal current to apply DOE in the processing of patent infringement cognizance, and firstly it must ensure the protecting confine by explaining the claim with compromise explain method, the difference of different extent in patent creation also effect the demarcation of equivalent extension; it should apply the rule of comparing factor one by one rather than comparing the whole equivalent in comparison of equivalents, and needs to be confirmed by increasing the assistant means in the processing of patent infringement cognizance by using Triple Identity Test of Graver; contrast and analyze whether they are equivalent depend on the level of the common technicians in relative domain and it is scientific and reasonable to confirm equivalent time standard by infringement date; in judicial practice of equivalent cognizance, it may use the experiences in Japan for reference to solve the cognizance misunderstanding area of reality in the law and the technology; The superabundance designation that may be understood as a display unfair contract because of neglect and materially misunderstanding should be conditionally applied in current time.

研究目的在于通过分析等同原则在适用上的争议，提出我国适用等同原则时应坚持适用的观点，解决目前在适用中的各种混乱局面；运用历史分析和综合比较的研究方法，结合案例分析；专利侵权认定中引入等同原则是必要的，其实质是防止侵权人窃取发明人的利益，被侵权人是否故意模仿或抄袭专利，不影响等同侵权的判定，运用等同原则判定专利侵权已成为世界性的潮流；适用等同原则首先要对权利要求进行解释以确定保护范围，在解释权利要求时应采取折衷的解释方法，不同专利创造性程度的差异也影响着等同范围的划定；在等同物的比较上，应当适用&逐个要素比较&，而不能适用&整体比较&，在适用&三一致&标准进行侵权认定时，还需要增加辅助手段予以确定；是否构成等同，应当以所属领域普通技术人员的水平来对比分析，以侵权日为等同的时间标准是科学合理的；在等同认定的司法实践中，解决法律事实和技术事实认定上的误区，可以借鉴日本的经验；多余指定可以理解为一个因疏忽大意或重大误解而订立的显失公平的合同，应当在现阶段有条件限制地予以适用。

He put forwards that the article 4 of crime of L/C fraud in Chinese Criminal Law isn"t in compliance with the principle of penalty according to criminal law, and it will destroy L/C system. The principles of fairness, honest and credibility and prohibition of civil right abuse in General Rules of Civil Law have the feature of indetermination. The litigation of civil right attached to criminal procedure and litigation property save in the Code of Criminal Procedure, in view of their imperfection, cause the repeating capital frozen by police bureau, procuratorate and court. In view of low requirement of civil litigation capital save in Civil Procedure law, the frequent capital frozen happens all the time. Summary of Panel Discussion Concerning Chinese Coastal Area"s Economic and Judicial Work, owing to its low status and evidence"s inexplicitness of issuing ban, results in judger"s unrestrained jurisdiction power. Therefore, this author concludes that the characteristics of fragmentsand imperfection of Chinese L/C laws are disadvantageous to the perfection of the L/C legislation system ,and can not instruct judges to try the cases of L/C fraud effectively.

由于《美国统一商法典》的第五章关于信用证欺诈的规定相对我国法律而言比较完善，笔者在本文对其也作了论述，以期对我国未来的立法有所启示；第三部分主要分析了我国目前的有关信用证欺诈的规定，并指出《刑法》的有关信用证诈骗罪的规定的第4款不符合罪刑法定的要求，它对信用证的运行机制有极强的破坏性；《民法通则》中与信用证欺诈有关的公平、诚实信用、禁止权利滥用原则有其适用时的不确定性；《刑事诉讼法》关于刑事附带民事及诉讼保全的规定，由于规定的不完善，导致公、检、法等各机关对信用证的重复冻结；由于《民事诉讼法》对财产保全的条件要求过低，导致实践中信用证冻结频繁发生；《会谈纪要》由于其效力低和对发布禁令要求的证据并不明确，导致实践中法官的自由裁量权无限扩大。

The sign-up bonus of 50 isn't the largest bonus around but the wagering conditions are relatively fair.

在50英镑的注册奖金奖金是不是最大，但周围的投注条件比较公平的。

It seems the fate is not fair to him and he envies everything the rich Abbots possess .

似乎命运是不公平的，他羡慕一切丰富的方丈都很具备什么条件。

This commission has also certified several more online casinos and dictates certain legalities and conditions for international players including the standard of games and fair play at any Internet-based casino such as Golden Reef Casino.

该委员会还证实一些更多的在线赌场和驱使某些法律规定和标准，包括游戏，以及在任何基于互联网的赌场公平竞争的国际球员条件，如金礁赌场。

The author thinks that it is necessary to specify the conditions and applicable range of active arrest and that under certain conditions active arrest can be transferred to arrest and reduplicated arrest should be allowed by law so that other creditors right can be protected while the ship is already under active arrest, thus the equality of laws can be realized.

6认定关联企业暨公司法人格的否定问题。笔者认为，当今航运企业应当正视关联企业的问题；在一定的条件下可以对公司的法人格进行否定，以使控制公司承担对债权人的债务，加大对债权人的保护力度；同时，程序法也应当同实体法相统一，只有明确适格的主体和举证责任等问题，才能实现真正的公平。

Brands Inc - which owns the KFC brand, had been investigated for providing poor working conditions, underpaying their part-time workers and engaging in other unfair labor practices.

Brands公司-拥有肯德基品牌，已查处提供工作条件差， u nderpaying他们的部分时间制工人和从事其他不公平的劳动的做法。

Brands Inc - which owns the KFC brand, had been investigated for providing poor working conditions, underpaying their part-time workers and engaging in other unfair labor practices.

Brands公司-拥有肯德基品牌，已被查处，提供工作条件差， u nderpaying他们的部分时间制工人和从事其他不公平劳动实践。

But the development of monopoly capitalism together with other factors gave rise to market failure which is the economic factor that gave birth to the analytical paradigm of the Economics of Law. Since 20 century, dirigisme and public policies aiming at balancing efficiency and fairness have been on the rise, which provides the political condition for the paradigm of Economics of Law.

但是随着垄断资本的发展，结合其他因素，导致自由市场失灵，市场失灵是催生法经济学分析范式的经济因素。20世纪后，国家干预经济以及兼顾效率与公平的公共政策不断增多，为法经济学分析范式产生提供了政治条件。

Further, for all those possessions from which any Welshman has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed by King Henry our father, or King Richard our brother, and which we retain in our hand (or which are possessed by others, and which we ought to warrant), we will have respite until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised or an inquest made by our order before we took the cross; but as soon as we return (or if perchance we desist from our expedition), we will immediately grant full justice in accordance with the laws of the Welsh and in relation to the foresaid regions.

此外，如有威尔士人财产在我父亨利国王和兄理查德国王治下，未经同级贵族合法审判遭到剥夺，而该财产现属我们占有，或属应由我们提供保证者占有，则我们可按十字军战士所享宽限条件暂缓处理；除非在我们出征前相关诉讼已经提起，或已依据我们的令状开始审理；但是，一旦我们远征归来，或中断征程归来，则即应立刻按威尔士及前述地区法律给予公平正义处理。注：本条见于1215年最初的版本，后来版本无。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。