公平

Justice and injustice are contrary terms and neither one applies to God.

公平和不公平是一组反义词，而且两者对上帝来说都不适用。

The structure of repetitive nets that involve a pair of transitions standing in quasi fair relation (extended but not weak fair relation) is discussed and a Petri net model of the handshake daisy chain arbiter is given.

文献 [1？ 5]对公平 Petri网的性质进行了系统的研究，其中包括给出判定一个网为公平网的几组充分必要条件。作为公平性的一个应用

Information needs made tribal chiefs send messengers in primitive societies and compelled Roman emperors and Califs create efficient postal and road systems, Gutenberg's printing revolution opened the era of the press, societal requirements and political struggle in the French kingdom made King Louis

而对21世纪来说，最重要，也是最难解决的问题就是如何克服数字鸿沟，以及如何消除人们接触传统媒介和新型媒介的不公平现象，而这种不公平广泛存在于地区之间、国家之间、民族之间及人民和个人之间。

Then, squeezing my friend's hand, I offer a prayer for her and me and all of the mere mortal women who stumble their way into this holiest of callings.

这个世界上公平是相对的，这并不可怕，但是在优越环境中成长起来的年轻人和很久以前曾经吃过苦现在已经淡忘的人对不公平视而不见是非常可怕的。

In view of executive power to intervene in the allocation of resources over the reality of the situation, should intensify their efforts to clean up the recent各种乱收费, levies, and shut the power of the currency market of the "gray channel" reflects the strong focus on cleaning up the community, do not lead to monopolies fair competition policy, and actively create a fair and regulated competitive environment, maximizing the contribution of income and reflected on and so on; to be a more effective means of remediation of illegal income, seek to abuse the interests of individuals or small groups with severe punishment imposed for corruption ; At the same time, it is necessary to speed up the reform of the political system, and promote democratization and openness in decision-making, and strengthen the public service and acts of administrative bodies at all levels of supervision and constraints on the exercise of such power by the process of forming a comprehensive and reasonable mechanism for binding.

针对当前行政权力对资源配置干预过度的现实状况，近期应加紧清理各种乱收费、乱摊派，堵住权力市场化和货币化的&灰色通道&，重点清理社会反映强烈、导致垄断等不公平竞争的政策，积极营造公平、规范的竞争环境，最大限度地体现收入与贡献的对等；要以更加有效的手段整治非法收入，对滥用职权谋取个人或小团体利益的腐败行为严惩不怠；同时，要加快政治体制改革，推进决策民主化与公开化，强化对公务人员和各级行政机构行为的监督与制约，形成对权力行使过程全面约束的合理机制。

It should be noted that China's existing "Individual Income Tax Law" While adjusting the personal tax and social equity has played a positive role, But there are still large gaps and weaknesses, the authors mainly from the reform of the personal income tax classification of the income tax system model scope and adjust tax rates of tax indexation and the realization of tax fairness perspective and draw on international experience, with the specific situation in China, to personal income tax system perfect.

应该看到，我国现行的《个人所得税法》虽然对于调整个人税收和社会公平起到了积极作用，但仍存在较大缺陷和不足，笔者主要从改革个人所得税的分类所得税制度模式、调整纳税范围和税率、实现税收指数化和实现公平纳税等角度，借鉴国际经验，结合我国的具体情况，谈个人所得税制的完善。

I take the participants as the objective ,such as the government, enterprises and insurants , and want to explain the unfair in Basic Endowment Insurance from two facet ,which one is burden fair and the other is income fair .I focus most of my energy on the income fair . Especially in the gap between different industries .and I insist on the promotion about the improvement of womens retired age, although there are so many disputation on it.

就代内养老金差距的解决方案，尽管目前还存在相当大的争议，但笔者仍坚持并提出提高女性退休年龄，促进基本养老保险公平的论点，并参考相关统计年鉴和一些专家的精算思想，在论文的第三部分的解决方案中对提高女性退休年龄对基本养老保险基金的影响，对女性增加收入的影响等两个方面进行了精算，并对精算结果进行了分析，从而进一步证明了提高女性退休年龄可以促进基本养老保险公平的论点。

Section 3 is the difficult and key part of the whole paper, focus on discussing how to improve our country"s unemployment insurance system .specific countermeasures to improve the system are presented as follows: constituting unemployment insurance law establishing and amplifying safe -guard system of the law; establishing that judies is the first in the level of value; definite unemployment and the qualification of gaining unemployment insurance, reasonably enlarging the scopes of insurance; intensifying and promoting the function of reemployment to realize the combination of unemployment insurance and reemployment promotion; enforcing raising insurance fund and fully exerting the fund"s use benefit ;improving its systems of management and supervision to realize scientific management, keeping the fund safety and development..

本文认为我国的失业保险制度应在根据我国国情的基础上，在以下几个方面完善失业保险法律制度：制定《失业保险法》，提高失业保险制度的法律效力，并辅之以其他相关法律法规相配套，建立起一个层次分明相互协调的综合性失业保险法律体系；确立以公平为优先的立法价值取向，在法律的层次上明确失业保险制度作为超越经济领域的公共产品应当以社会公平为其立法的价值取向；正确界定失业的定义及失业保险资格条件，在符合中国国情的情况下，合理扩大失业保险的覆盖面；确立以保障劳动者的基本生活和促进再就业为失业保险法律制度的立法宗旨，加强失业保险的再就业促进功能，变消极支付失业保险金作法为积极地促进再就业，认识到&就业是最好的保障&；完善失业保险费征缴制度，按不同行业、企业的失业风险概率不同，实行差别缴费率，加强失业保险费征缴的法律力度，提高劳动者和用人单位的缴费积极性；完善失业保险待遇给付制度，从确保失业者的基本生活需要和促进其再就业的角度出发，完善给付水平和给付期限的规定；规范和完善失业保险的管理和监督制度，实现管理科学化，保证并实现保险墓金的保值、增值。结语部分，对全文进行总结。

In the worldwide basis tax reform policy and the domestic macro economic environment changes under the condition, at present Our country Enterprise income tax's tax revenue collection system, is manifesting the tax revenue fairly with the effic ie ncy, the display tax revenue to economic structure aspects and so on control action, tax revenue collection pattern and method, tax source monitoring and tax revenue services structure has many problems, adapted the socialist market economy objective request not completely, must analyze the question which earnestly the enterprise income tax collection aspect exists, and e XP lores the concrete countermeasure which positively the enterprise income tax collection reforms.

内容摘要：摘要：在世界性税改政策及国内的宏观经济环境发生变化的条件下，目前我国企业所得税的税收征管制度，在体现税收公平与效率、发挥税收对经济结构的调节作用、税收…摘要：在世界性税改政策及国内的宏观经济环境发生变化的条件下，目前我国企业所得税的税收征管制度，在体现税收公平与效率、发挥税收对经济结构的调节作用、税收的征管模式与手段、税源监控及税收服务体系等方面存在诸多问题，已不完全适应社会主义市场经济的客观要求，必须认真分析企业所得税征管方面存在的问题，并积极探索企业所得税征管改革的具体对策。

Chapter one of this text has recommended the foreign insurance to apply financial economy to the products pricing method of insurance company, but these methods have not explained how to determine the fair premium of the multiple-line insurance company .In order to solve many business line insurance company pricing problem, chapter two introduce an very important model in insurance company capital allocation field - MR capital allocation model, through deriving capital allocation formula and simulation analysis indicate MR model allocate multiple- line insurance company capital scientifically. In order to apply MR model to non-life insurance pricing, chapter three will extend MR model to introduce loss 3 and layer P . Since the premise of MR model is a certain market price of loss, the chapter four will use the risk-neutral probability transformation technique to get the market value of loss. Under lognormal distribution, we will use location parameter shift and proportional PH transformation to illuminate the technique. The final chapter combines the prior sections result to deduce out the fair premium formula, and apply it to price the catastrophe insurance.

本文的第一章介绍了国外保险业将财务经济学应用到保险公司产品定价的方法，但是这些方法都没有说明如何确定多业务线保险公司的公平保费；为了解决多业务线保险公司定价问题，第二章引入保险公司资本配置领域非常重要的一个模型—MR资本配置模型，通过推导资本配置公式及模拟分析表明MR模型科学地配置了多业务线公司的资本；为了将MR模型应用到非寿险公司的定价中去第三章扩展了MR模型，引入了损失β和层β的概念：由于MR模型的前提条件是有一个确定的损失市场价值，第四章利用风险中性转化方法获得损失的市场价值，在损失为对数正态分布的条件下，通过位置参数转化和比例危险转化方法给出了实例说明；第五章结合前几章的结果给出非寿险公司公平保费的定价公式，并运用它给出了巨灾保险价格的模拟分析。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。