公平

Starting from the right of equality, Rawls animadverts utilitarianism and substitutes it for "two principles as fairness and justice" in which rational people choose under the "original position", and thinks everyone should be equal and people should distribute wealth according to "the principle of justice as fairness", unless you have the enough reasons that can justify everyone should be unequal. He understands the distributive object as a series of public resources and systems of liberty, including the positions and offices, opportunity, natural endowment, honor, safety, freedom of life and action, freedom of thought and conscience. The aims of distributive principle of justice are to realize rational distribution of these public resources in a cooperative and well-ordered society. Starting from inalienable rights of man, Nozick thinks that everyone should be unequal, unless you have sufficient reasons that can justify everyone should be equal and without the consent of the individual, others can not infringe upon his property and rights with any excuses. He advances the justice of "holding" with a theory of qualification and entitlement, and maintains individual economic and free rights and the right of property.

罗尔斯从平等的权利出发，通过&原初状态&下的理性人自主选择&公平正义的两个原则&来取代功利主义，认为除非有充足理由证明应当不平等，否则就应当平等，并根据公平的正义原则分配公共资源和自由体系，包括职务、机会、天赋、荣誉、安全、人生行动自由、思想自由和良心自由等，&分配的正义观&就是要实现这些公共资源在一个合作且秩序良好的自由体系里的合理分配；诺齐克从人的不可剥夺的权利出发，认为除非你有充足理由证明应当平等，否则就应当不平等，没有个体的同意，任何人也不能以任何借口侵犯他的财产和权利，通过&资格&理论确立&持有&的正当性，维护个人的经济自由权利和财产权利。

From the view of"fairness"as the axis of abscissas, income distribution situated extremely fairness condition till'78 in China. On starting reform, Gini coefficient started to rise too. The difference between areas and between classes has become to be larger.

从家计合理化标准的横轴即&公平&的角度看，至78年中国的收入分配处于极端的公平状态，随着改革·开放，基尼系数开始上升，地区间差异拉开，同一城市内的阶层差异也拉开。

Starting from the principle of equality of average accumulated emissions, this budget fairly apportions carbon between the nations of the world that is, the initial carbon budget allocation will be in direct proportion to the population in the base year.

从人均累计排放公平的理念出发，以上述标准将全球碳预算在各国间进行公平分配，则各国初始分配的碳预算与基年人口数成正比。

The summary demarcates the problem to solving the continental shelf of East China Sea between China and Japan, China insists that should delimit according to the fair principle on the basis of international law through the negotiation, Japan maintain that demarcates the suitable medium line method with the sea area of the relevant countries.

针对解决中日两国之间的东海大陆架划界问题，中国坚持应通过协商在国际法基础上按公平原则划定；日本主张与相关国家的海域划界适用中间线方法。由于海洋划界关系到各当事国家的主权和切身利益，应当坚持公平原则这个根本立场。

The authors of this paper pointed out the followings: there is no intrinsic certain relation between these two issues; we should neither discuss the hazards of using stimulants to physical and mental health and the harm of competitive sports to the body, psychology and morality of the athletes at the same level, nor con-sider that the hazards brought by using stimulants to the healthy development of sports are as equally bad as the phenomenon of unfairness existing in the development of competitive sports and the phenomenon of science and technology "dissimilating" competitive sports; the fundamental goal of prohibiting the use of stimulants is to main-tain the spirit of fair competition of competitive sports.

研究指出，两者之间没有什么内在的必然联系；不能将使用兴奋剂对身心健康的危害与竞技体育对运动员身体、心理、道德等方面的伤害放在同一层面讨论，也不能将使用兴奋剂给体育健康发展带来的危害与竞技体育发展中存在的不公平现象、科技使竞技体育的&异化&现象相提并论；禁止使用兴奋剂的根本目的是维护竞技体育的公平竞争精神。

via their study the authors considered that it is lacking in logical reasoning for the authors of the paper titled on the return of competitive sports to their game playing nature - thoughts inspired by stimulant prohibition to further draw such a conclusion as the nature of competitive sports being game playing from their analysis of the hazards of using stimulants.the authors of this paper pointed out the followings: there is no intrinsic certain relation between these two issues; we should neither discuss the hazards of using stimulants to physical and mental health and the harm of competitive sports to the body, psychology and morality of the athletes at the same level, nor consider that the hazards brought by using stimulants to the healthy development of sports are as equally bad as the phenomenon of unfairness existing in the development of competitive sports and the phenomenon of science and technology "dissimilating" competitive sports; the fundamental goal of prohibiting the use of stimulants is to maintain the spirit of fair competition of competitive sports.

兴奋剂事件有隐情？摘要：研究认为《论竞技体育的游戏本原回归——由禁用兴奋剂引发的思考》由分析使用兴奋剂的危害入手，进而提出&竞技体育的本原是游戏&这一论断缺乏逻辑推理。研究指出，两者之间没有什么内在的必然联系；不能将使用兴奋剂对身心健康的危害与竞技体育对运动员身体、心理、道德等方面的伤害放在同一层面讨论，也不能将使用兴奋剂给体育健康发展带来的危害与竞技体育发展中存在的不公平现象、科技使竞技体育的&异化&现象相提并论；禁止使用兴奋剂的根本目的是维护竞技体育的公平竞争精神。

via their study the authors considered that it is lacking in logical reasoning for the authors of the paper titled on the return of competitive sports to their game playing nature - thoughts inspired by stimulant prohibition to further draw such a conclusion as the nature of competitive sports being game playing from their analysis of the hazards of using stimulants.the authors of this paper pointed out the followings: there is no intrinsic certain relation between these two issues; we should neither discuss the hazards of using stimulants to physical and mental health and the harm of competitive sports to the body, psychology and morality of the athletes at the same level, nor consider that the hazards brought by using stimulants to the healthy development of sports are as equally bad as the phenomenon of unfairness existing in the development of competitive sports and the phenomenon of science and technology "dissimilating" competitive sports; the fundamental goal of prohibiting the use of stimulants is to maintain the spirit of fair competition of competitive sports.

研究认为《论竞技体育的游戏本原回归——由禁用兴奋剂引发的思考》由分析使用兴奋剂的危害入手，进而提出&竞技体育的本原是游戏&这一论断缺乏逻辑推理。研究指出，两者之间没有什么内在的必然联系；不能将使用兴奋剂对身心健康的危害与竞技体育对运动员身体、心理、道德等方面的伤害放在同一层面讨论，也不能将使用兴奋剂给体育健康发展带来的危害与竞技体育发展中存在的不公平现象、科技使竞技体育的&异化&现象相提并论；禁止使用兴奋剂的根本目的是维护竞技体育的公平竞争精神。

The first part not only inspects the conception of fairness and its historical development, but also fairly excavates its legal value.

第一部分考察了公平理念及其历史发展，并对作为法律价值的公平进行了发掘。

Not all automakers will be treated as equals in order to avoid unfairly penalizing some automakers more than others. Depending upon the types of vehicles they produce, the plan sets different goals.

不是所有的汽车制造商会被公平对待，为了避免对某些汽车制造商的不公平处罚，根据他们生产的不同交通工具类型设定了不同的目标值。

Handle the relation of fairness and efficiency correctly, the enrich the peopling with realizing Deng Xiaoping finally thought and social fairness target.

正确处理公平与效率的关系，以最终实现邓小平的富民思想与社会公平目标。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。