公地

Research of the contradictories and theirevolvement is the emphasis and nodus in this paper. Contradictories includesauthorities and institution, multi-value and moral risk, harmony and competition, theyare represented as unbalanced transformation among authorities, capital and benefits;deviation between institutional rule and living logic; individual rationality andcollective choice; commonland tragedy; inside controlling and power renting.

系统中的矛盾及其演化分析是研究的重点和难点，主要从权力与制度、多维价值与道德风险、和谐与竞争三个角度展开，其中，权力与制度层面的矛盾包括权力、资本与利益的非均衡转化以及制度规则与生活逻辑的背离；多维价值与道德风险中包括个人理性与集体选择、公地悲剧、内部人控制与权力寻租。

Only so, can we put an end to this aspect of the tragedy of the commons.

只有这样，我们才可以终结这方面的公地悲剧。

The concept of the commons is also spreading to new areas.

公地的概念同样也蔓延到新的领域。

In the case of global warming, the commons is the whole earth.

在全球变暖这个问题上，这个"公地"是整个地球。

The tragedy of the commons develops in this way.

公地悲剧是如此发展的。

Under the pressure of Japanese colonial control and feudality, there existed large numbers of farmhands and "public land" in the countryside, which were the typical features of land occupancy in Northeast China.

在日本对东北的殖民统治和封建剥削制度的压迫下，农村存在大量的"公地"和庞大的雇农阶层，成为东北土地占有关系的典型特征。

The externality and social welfare, tragedy of public glebe and environmental property right, model of substance conservation and the sustainable development plan.

本文认为，对环境问题的理论研究大致分三种脉络：外部性与社会福利、公地的悲剧与环境产权、物质平衡模型与可持续发展规划。

But 40 years after Hardin's article, the problem of the commons is still pressing.

但是在哈定的文章发表40年之后，"公地"的问题看来仍然十分紧迫。

Before he died, Hardin admitted he should have called his article "The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons".

在哈定死之前，他承认他应该把它的文章改为《没有管理的公地的悲剧》。

And another; and another.... But this is the conclusion reached by each and every rational herdsman sharing a commons.

再多养一头…但这也是分享公地的每一位牛郎的结论。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。