公共卫生

Improved surveillance and detection efforts and better-trained local public-health agencies are among the payoffs.

正因为有了这些努力，美国对突发公共卫生事件的监督和检测能力得到加强，地方上的公共卫生机构也得到了更好的训练。

Medical and health ; medical insurance ; public choice ; function of public sanitary services

医疗卫生；医疗保险；公共选择；公共卫生服务职能

The article, first and foremost, sets a theoretical framework by expatiating the relating theory ranging from the characteristics of the commonage of civil sanitation and the relationships between civil sanitation and the government or market. Secondly, along with summarizing the principles and practices at home and abroad in the field of performance evaluation of civil sanitation enterprise, the article also points out the deficiency of Shaanxi in this aspect. Additionally, it consummately construct a performance evaluation index system for Shaanxi civil sanitation according to the factual situation by using following methods such as combining qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, basic theoretical analysis and cases application analysis.

本文首先对公共卫生的公共物品特性、市场与政府在公共卫生服务中的定位等相关理论进行了阐述，为研究奠定了坚实的理论基础；其次，在吸取国外开展公共卫生管理绩效评价先进理论和实践经验，总结我国在此方面工作不足的基础上，建立了公共卫生绩效评价模型和评价指标体系的框架；第三，运用所建立的评价指标体系的框架，分析了陕西现有公共卫生事业管理绩效评价指标体系所存在的不足，并进行了原因分析；第四，结合实际情况，运用定性分析与定量分析相结合、理论基础分析与实证应用分析相结合的方法，完善了陕西公共卫生事业管理绩效评价指标体系。

Company Profile Beijing Xinyu win equipment limited liability company operating mainly in the production and domestic and international advanced testing equipment, instrumentation, and diagnostic tools, as well as introduce advanced test, measurement of new technology for operating purposes. A: electrical fire, building fire detection and public safety facilities, equipment detectors B: lightning protection, lightning protection device detection equipment, mine detection device safety box C: Fire Fire Safety Inspection and Testing equipment, and investigate the cause of the fire equipment, police station fire alarm Services and equipment D: fire inspection and fire investigation equipment boxes, fire investigation kits, fire detection equipment to determine the scene Product E: Fire Engineering Detect boxes, cartons Detect building fire service installations, fire detection electrical box F: Airport Fire fire inspection equipment, subway Fire Safety Detect Box G: boilers, pressure vessels and special equipment, elevator equipment Detect H: Victoria seized power telecommunications equipment boxes, mechanical state patrol boxes I: Detect safety boxes, traffic accident investigation boxes, property management Detected me J: Public environmental hygiene Detect boxes, boxes of food safety at the scene detection, occupational health care at the scene Detect boxes, cartons Detect Radiological Protection at the scene, the situation of sanitation and disinfection Detected me, health production supervisor at the scene seized me K: Ultrasonic leak detector, ultrasonic spectrum analyzer, ultrasonic full-function fault detection system L: fire using infra-red thermal imaging, infrared imaging system for industrial use, the security-type infra-red thermal imaging M: Energy Conservation Supervision and Testing Instruments instrument N: Private Product: 3 1/2- 8 1 / 2 handheld / desktop Digital Multimeter, cross-DC clamp level pressure ammeter, temperature gauges, tachometer, digital megohm table, grounding resistance tester, desktop multimeter, digital frequency meter smart, figure synthesis / function signal generator, desktop digital electric bridge, oscilloscopes, infrared thermometer, vibrometer, digital DC regulated power supply, 5 1 / 2 hand-held multi-function calibrator field process instrumentation. O: agent Products:, infrared thermometer, infrared, ultrasonic full-function fault leakage / discharge detection device, flammable / toxic gas detector, harmonic power quality analyzer, portable ultrasonic flowmeter, insulation / Ground Resistance Tester, temperature, current / voltage, the process of signal, thermal resistance / thermocouple, pressure, loop calibrator, such as electronics, telecommunications, electricity, petroleum chemical industry, safety inspection, steel smelting, public environmental protection, fire detection Secret rescue, fire detection equipment, special equipment testing, military field equipment dedicated monitoring equipment and tools.

公司简介北京新宇胜利仪器有限责任公司主要以生产和经营国际，国内先进的检测仪器仪表和设备诊断工具以及介绍先进的测试，测量新技术为经营宗旨。A：消防电气、建筑消防设施检测和公共安全侦检仪器设备B：防雷、避雷装置检测仪器设备、防雷装置安全检测箱C：消防防火监督检测装备、火灾原因调查装备、公安派出所消防警务装备D：防火检查与火灾勘查仪器箱、火灾勘查工具箱、消防产品现场判定检测仪器E：消防工程检测箱、建筑消防设施检测箱、消防电气检测箱F：机场消防防火检查仪器设备、地铁消防安全检测箱G：锅炉、压力容器和特种设备、电梯检测仪器H：电信电源维检仪器箱、机械状态巡检箱I：交通安全检测箱、交通事故勘查箱、物业管理检测箱J：公共卫生环境检测箱、食品安全现场检测箱、职业健康监护现场检测箱、放射防护现场检测箱、卫生消毒状况检测箱、健康品生产现场监检箱K：超声波泄漏检测仪、超声波频谱分析仪、超声波全功能故障检测系统L：消防用红外热像仪、工业用红外热像仪、本安型红外热像仪M：节能监督检测仪器仪表工具N ：自有产品：3 1/2-8 1/2位手持/台式数字多用表，交、直流钳形高低、压电流表，温度仪表，转速表，数字兆欧表，接地电阻测试仪，台式多用表，数字智能频率计，数字合成/函数信号发生器，台式数字电桥，示波器，红外测温仪，测振仪，数字直流稳压电源，5 1/2位手持式多功能现场过程仪表校验仪。O：代理产品：，红外测温仪，红外热像仪，超声波全功能故障泄漏/放电侦测仪，可燃/有毒气体检测仪，电力质量谐波分析仪，便携式超声波流量计，绝缘/接地电阻测试仪，温度、电流/电压、过程信号、热电阻/热电偶、压力、回路校验仪等电子、通讯、电力、石油化工、安全检查、钢冶、公共环保、消防特勤侦检救援、消防检测设备、特种设备检测、军事领域的专用仪器监测设备与工具。

Yale School of Public Health's M.P.H. program is designed for highly motivated students with a substantial interest in the area of public health.

耶鲁大学公共健康的公共卫生硕士计划的学校是专为与在公共卫生领域的极大兴趣非常积极的学生。

Both the medical field and the DOH misconceive the prevention and treatment issue; misunderstand the cost/benefit ratio of epidemiological studies on clinical trials, neglect the reminding of women掇 organization; bypass the study of gender analysis and women掇 health; lack the monitoring of the medical ethic, and neglect its basic duty.

本文以历史脉络厘清为何在2002年七月美国国家卫生研究院会停止原本预定十三年目前才进行到第八年的长期追踪研究，表示美国公共卫生与医学界对HRT药物实验的认真与用心，强调药物只适合用於短期治疗而非长期预防用，也看到民间妇女团体和女性主义学者在监督药物不使之滥用的贡献；以此反观国内反应，显示出我国医界或部分卫生署官员对公共卫生流行病学调查的不了解，对相对风险观念的不明白，以及对预防医学的误解，对健康促进的不重视，对妇女团体的排斥，对性别分析和妇女健康的忽视，更缺少药物伦理的监督，也轻忽卫生署应有的职责。

The latter three strategies are new and also the paper's three innovative points. First of all, appeal the law to prohibit reversed payment, unify this with the BOLAR exception, and promote the drugs into the market as soon as possible. Secondly, put the public health, medicine patent and the IPRs protection of traditional knowledge and the genetic resources together. Through giving the traditional knowledge and the genetic resources IPRs protection to treat the developed countries' medicine patents, they can settle the public health crisis. Finally, the legal mechanism of Prior Consent is a new strategy that Brazil proposed for the purpose of protecting the public health, which divides the examination of patent applications for pharmaceutical products and processes between two federal agencies, National Institute of Intellectual Property and National Sanitary Supervision Agency. ANVISA has the obligation to render the final decision, granting or denying a patent.

其中前四种措施是国际社会上一直以来倡导的主要措施，后三种是新的解决公共健康危机的法律措施，其创新点在于：第一，呼吁将禁止反向支付纳入法律，并与BOLAR例外相结合使用，促进仿制药品的尽快上市；第二，将公共健康、医药品专利以及传统知识和遗传资源的知识产权保护三者紧密相连，通过对传统知识和遗传资源予以知识产权保护来应对发达国家的医药品专利；第三，&事先同意&法律制度是巴西提出的一种旨在保护公共健康，应对医药专利的新的法律制度，该制度规定凡是涉及医药品专利的申请都必须经过国家知识产权局和国家公共卫生监督局的公共审查，并且国家公共卫生监督局有是否授予专利的最终决定权。

Currently,frequent outbreaks of epidemical disease which caused by various bacteria,virus and verminosis were accelerated to breed due to lack of public health facilities,illess concept of health and incomplete health legislations,keep attacking humans and destroying public health defensive systems.

当前，由于社会公共卫生设施不良加上人民卫生意识淡薄，公共卫生法制不健全，造成各种各样的细菌、病毒、寄生虫病等传染性疾病纷至沓来，不断袭击人类，严重摧毁着和摧毁了我国多年来潜心构筑的公共卫生防御体系。

On the foundation of analysis on public health incident emergency management in Chinawith theory adoption of Public Products, Public Management, Emergency Management, thearticle objectively analyzes the achievement and weak points in public health incident emergencymanagement in China, as well as puts up some advice to improve concerning management inChina with experience from some developed countries such as USA, UK, France and Canada inthis field, namely "Precation First "is above all, finance support guarantee, strengthen emergencynet, improve information and superitendence net, upgrade legislation guarantee.

本文从我国突发公共卫生事件应急管理现状分析入手，综合运用公共产品理论、公共管理理论、危机管理理论，客观分析了我国在突发公共卫生事件应急管理中取得的成效和存在的问题，借鉴美国、英国、法国、加拿大等发达国家在突发公共卫生事件应急管理中的成功经验，提出了完善我国突发公共卫生事件应急管理的对策，即坚持&预防为主&不动摇；应急管理资金保障到位；完善信息网络与预警监测体系；强化应急救控体系；健全法律保障体系。

For a long time, attention has not been paid to the public hygiene systems of urban and rural areas, irregularities are everywhere: offices are dirty and untidy; daily disinfection and protection of public places are neglected; hand-washing facilities in public toilets are in poor condition; dirty water flowing and waste bestrewing everywhere… But the views of administrators and the administrated are surprisingly coincidental--that's not only my business.

长期以来，城市与乡村的公共卫生系统始终没有得到真正重视：办公室的脏乱差、公共场所的日常消毒防护、公共厕所的洗手设备、污水处理、生活垃圾等等。但公共卫生的管理者与被管理者的心态，却有着惊人的共识：这又不是我一个人的事情。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。