入射的

As a result, if the iridescence is produced by thin-film interference, not only the thickness of lamellar structure must be defined within a certain nanometer, but also the refractive index need to be different between lamellar structure. In other words, the chemical composition, refractive index and thickness of exsolution lamellae need form to trinity, such as labradorite, albite, andradite and orthoamphibole. If the iridescent color is produced by grating-diffraction, the lamellar structure just needs to be arrayed regularly, the spacing of the edges of lamellar structure needs to be regular and narrow, but not necessarily within the range of the wavelength of visible light, such as shell of abalone, pearl and opal.

薄膜干涉式晕彩不仅要求宝石内部结构层的厚度必须在一定的纳米范围内，而且结构层内部的折射率也必须有所差别，也即，当结构层由两相组分出溶而成，其化学成分、折射率和结构层厚度形成三位一体时，符合薄膜干涉式晕彩，如拉长石、钠长石、石榴石和角闪石；而光栅式衍射晕彩则仅要求结构层排列规则，边缘狭窄但不需要窄到可见光波长范围内，能使入射光的振幅或位相，或两者同时产生周期性空间调制的结构即可，如鲍贝壳、珍珠和欧泊。

This ellipsometric method does not need to rotate the sample azimuthally. The physical parameters of sample are measured under various linear polarized lights through the numerical fitting to its theoretical model. In addition to the orientation of the first layer of nematic liquid crystal is considered, the total phase retardation and twist angle of twist Nematic Liquid Crystal cell are the physical parameters measured by this method.

本论文以椭圆偏极术为基础，在不需转动样本方位角的情况下，以不同偏振方向的线性偏振光入射样本，藉由出射光偏振态的变化，用数值方法拟合出样本矩阵模型参数；我们所量测的样本为扭转式液晶盒，其矩阵模型包含了三个参数：总相位延迟、扭转角及第一层液晶锚定方向。

The reflectivity of the multilayer is measured at Bessy Ⅱ synchrotron radiation, and the peak reflectivity is measured to be 7.5%.

对衍射仪测量的掠入射反射曲线和同步辐射测量的反射率曲线分别进行拟合，得到的粗糙度和厚度比的结果相近。

The result reveals that the diameter of incident spot is very important to the sensor's resolving power for the diffraction pattern of VLS grating.

结果表明：基于变栅距光栅的衍射特点，入射光斑直径的大小是影响传感器分辨率的一个重要因素。

Utilizing the symmetry of the output of the light produced from the slab target, this method is concise and can simply give the result by comparing the intensity of the beams received by flat-field grating spectrometer.

这种方法避免了测量入射光以及出射光的绝对强度，减少了测量过程中的被测量，因而测量的误差也随之降低。

An optical element such as a rear projection screen for an image display device comprises at least two substantially rigid sheet members each having a first major surface and a second major surface providing a plane of incidence and a plane of emergence, respectively, through which light is transmitted sequentially. A first sheet member comprises a Fresnel lens, and a second sheet member comprises a lenticular lens array on each of the major surfaces thereof.

一种光学元件，例如用于图象显示装置的背投式屏幕（1），包括至少两个基本为刚性各具第一主表面（21；31）和第二主表面（22，32）的板部件（2；3），分别提供顺序穿过光线（10）的入射面和出射面，第一板部件（2）和第二板部件（3）在其各个主表面（31，32）上分别包含一个菲涅耳透镜（24）和一个双凸透镜阵列33，35。

The results indicate that a regular diffractive facular lattice will appear in the maximum diffraction-free distance with the increase of the oblique incident angle.

结果指出，随着入射轴棱锥角度的增大，在最大无衍射距离内会形成有规则的光学点阵，这种光学点阵与三维光子晶体的结构相近，实验结果与数值模拟相吻合。

In order to obtain a correct height distribution of a measured object using the conventional Fourier transform profilometry, the connecting line between the exit pupil of the projecting system and entrance pupil of the imaging device must parallel to the reference plane and in the same horizontal.

在传统傅里叶变换轮廓术三维面型测量中，为了准确得到被测物体的高度分布，必需保证投影仪出射光瞳和摄像机入射光瞳的连线与参考面平行并且在同一水平面，否则存在较大的误差。

It can be surely concluded that in generalcases the matrix characterising the action of the optical system can be truncatedto finite order within any given errors….

在线性光学范围内，这个矩阵与入射和衍射光场无关。文中还给出了复合光学系统的作用矩阵与各组成系统的作用矩阵间的关系。

The intensity of laser signal incident straightly on the surface of photoelectric detector of the warning apparatus was calculated under different atmospheric visibilities in this paper. Both the target reflection and the atmospheric dispersion were considered also. The sensitivity of the vehicular laser warning device was discussed to provide a guideline for the development and design of the device.

分析计算了激光在大气传输中在不同能见度下直接入射到告警接收机光电探测器表面上的信号辐射度，以及目标溅射和大气散射情形下的激光信号辐射度，对车载激光告警器灵敏度指标的确定进行了论证，为系统设计和研制提供了依据。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷