入射

Based on radiative transfer theory,the reflection properties of cirrostratus consisting of hexagonal ice crystals or equivalent spheres are computed by using the adding-doubling method,respectively.The results show that the Mie scattering calculations at the region of λ≈3.0 μm give good agreement with the hexagonal ice crystals.

根据辐射传输理论，应用累加法，分别计算了由冰晶粒子和等效球形粒子构成的卷层云的多次散射特性，计算结果表明当入射波长λ≈3.0 μm时，等效球Mie理论可以很好地用于计算卷层云的反射特性，但是当λ。8 μm时，尤其在可见光区，将引起显著的误差。

THG microscopy with circular incident polarization detects microscopic anisotropy and reveals the stacking and distribution of stromal collagen lamellae.

环形入射偏振的THG显微镜检测显微镜可见的各向异性和显示间质胶原薄层的叠加和分布。

The mechanism of multiple-ionization is analyzed. The highly charged recoil ions come mainly from the Auger effect. The electron-electron interaction comes in to effect as the incident energy increases.

对多重电离的电离机制分析表明：高价态的反冲离子主要来自于俄歇贡献；随着入射能量的升高，电子-电子间的库仑作用也逐渐显现。

In chapter 2 and 3, experimentally, using the Angular-Resolved high-resolution fast Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer , at the condition of 2. 5 keV incident energy and 50-60 meV energy resolution, we measured the Optical Oscillator Strength Density Spectra for the excitations of 4p, 4s or 3d electron. The oscillator strengths for excitations of the valent shell 4p electron were obtained, and comparisons were done between presently experimental and previously experimental and theoretical results. The experimental results of different groups agree with each other approximately, but the semi-experientially theoretical results do not match with the experimental results. The delayed maximum in the photoabsorption spectra was discussed. It should arise from the transition of 4p→∈d. For the excitation of the inner-valent 4s electron, the discrepancies for the resonant structures in previous electron-impact results and photoionization results were clarified in present work, which confirms again that the fast electron impact method is suitable to measure the optical oscillator strengths. The autoionization Rydberg series 4s〓ns (n=5, 6, 7) and 4s〓nd (n=4, 5, 6, 7) were identified without ambiguity by the measurement at 0°, 2° and 4°scattering angles. The energy levels and natural widths of the excitations of Kr3d and Ar2p inner shell, including optically allowed and forbidden transitions, were determined. The widths of these inner shell excitations are nearly the same, which was interpreted by the Resonant Auger effect .

在第二章和第三章，实验上，使用角分辨的高能量分辨快电子能量损失谱仪，在2.5keV电子入射能量和50-60meV能量分辨下，测量了Kr原子由价壳层4p到内价壳层4s，再到内壳层3d电子激发的光学振子强度密度谱；得到了价壳层4p电子激发束缚态的光学振子强度，与前人实验和半经验理论结果作了细致的比较，说明几家实验是比较符合的，但半经验的理论计算存在问题；分析了光吸收谱中的延迟极大现象，说明在第一电离阈值以上几个eV范围内的极大值源于4p→εd跃迁产生的延迟极大；对于内价壳层4s激发的自电离区，澄清了前人实验中电子碰撞方法和光学方法在共振结构上存在差异的问题，再一次肯定了快电子碰撞方法是获得绝对光学振子强度的一种好方法；通过在非0°散射角的测量（如2°和4°），清楚地标识了4s电子激发的光学禁戒跃迁自电离里德堡系列4s〓ns（n=5，6，7）和4s〓nd（n=4，5，6，7）；通过在0°和4°散射角的测量，观测并标识了几个新的内壳层光学禁戒跃迁能级，得到了Kr原子3d和Ar原子2p内壳层激发态（包括光学允许和禁戒跃迁形成的）的能级位置和自然宽度，用共振俄歇效应解释了这些内壳层激发态（不管是光学允许还是禁戒跃迁产生的）的自然宽度彼此比较接近的原因。

In this paper,Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the motion of ions in the cathode fall zone of glow discharge.Energy distributions and angle distributions for different pressures and voltages are presented.

本文利用蒙特卡罗方法，模拟了氩气辉光放电鞘层内离子的运动过程，得到了不同气压和不同放电电压下离子入射阴极的能量分布和角度分布。

This paper investigates an optical reorientation process of azo dye doped liquid crystal s and explains the dependence of the enhancement factor on the incident light direction.

研究了发生在偶氮染料掺杂液晶中的光诱导重新取向问题，并解释增强因子与光入射方向存在依赖关系的物理机制。

So the study of the interaction of SCHI with solid surfaces has attracted a lot of attention of many famous laboratories in the world. In previous studies on the interaction of slow highly charged ions with solid surfaces, a lot of attention has been paid to Auger electron emission and autoionization.

在低速高电荷态离子与固体表面相互作用过程中，大量的导带电子会转移到入射离子的外壳层空位上形成多电子激发的&空心原子&，并在飞秒时间和纳米尺度范围内在固体表层沉积几十至几百keV的能量，能流功率密度可达10〓W/cm〓，致使表面形成纳米量级的蚀坑。

The particles with higher energies can penetrate into the magnetosphere with larger distribution of the pitch angle, but only those with directions along the magnetic field lines can reach the ground.

能量越高的粒子进入到地球磁层上空的角度范围越大，但仍然只有沿着磁力线入射的粒子才能到达地球表面。

In order to bring about the spatial depth resolution of the image data obtained, the method according to the invention comprises the following steps: an electromagnetic wave is beamed onto the surface of a photonic mixed element comprising at least one pixel, the pixel having at least two light-sensitive modulation light gates Gam and Gbm and associated accumulation gates Ga and Gb; modulation light gate voltages Uam and Ubm, which are configured as Uam=Uo Um and Ubm=Uo-Um, are applied to the modulation light gates Gam and Gbm; a direct voltage, whose magnitude is at least the same as that of the total of Uo and the amplitude of the modulation voltage Um, is applied to the accumulation gates Ga and Gb; the charge carriers produced in the space charge region of the modulation light gates Gam and Gbm by the incident electromagnetic wave are subjected, as a function of the polarity of the modulation light gate voltages Uam and Ubm, to the potential gradient of a drift field and drift to the corresponding accumulation gate Ga or Gb; and the charges qa and qb which have drifted to the accumulation gates Ga and Gb, respectively, are diverted.

为了使得采用这样一种方法获得的图象数据具有空间深度分辨率，按照本发明的方法包含下述步骤：使电磁波成束在至少包含一个象素的光混合元件的表面上，该象素至少具有两个光敏调制光门G am 和G bm 以及相关的累积门G a 和G b ；将调制光门电压U am 和U bm 施加到调制光门G a 和G b 上，而调制光门电压的构成是U am=U o U m，U bm=U o -U m；将直流电压施加到累积门G a 和G b 上，而直流电压的幅度至少与U o 和调制电压U am的幅度的总和相同；使由入射电磁波在调制光门G am 和G bm 的空间电荷区中产生的载流子经受漂移场的电位梯度，并漂移到相应的累积门G a 或G b ，而电磁波是调制光门电压U am和U bm的极性的函数；已经分别漂移到累积门G a 和G b 的电荷的方向反向。

By three-dimensional linear standing wave,the wave propagation over a bar of scheldt flume experiment carried at Delft hydraulics and tidal current field simulation of waters of between Denmark and Sweden etc example,the model is verified to have advantages such as stability, high efficiency etc,and proved suitable for the simulation both water body of large range and long period.

最后通过三维线性驻波、Delft水力学中Scheldt水槽实验的周期性入射波通过淹没潜堤的传播问题以及连接丹麦和瑞典间海域的潮流场模拟等算例，从多方面验证了模型具有稳定、实用、高效、灵活等的优点，不但能对短波问题进行精确成功的模拟，而且也适合对大范围的水体进行长时段的模拟。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。