入射

Single-axis acoustic levitation was investigated by a BEM model corresponding to our levitator and the levitation characteristics were revealed.

采用边界元方法对单轴式声悬浮过程中的入射声场计算，揭示了样品在声悬浮过程中的受力特性。

According to this model, the dimensionless velocity potential of the incident acoustic field,(where, F is the velocity potential, v 0 the velocity amplitude of the vibration source, k =2 p / l the wave number), can be expressed as an integral equation over the surface of the levitator emitter and reflector, and then solved by the boundary element method.

该模型将入射声场速度势 F 的无量纲形式，（ v 0是声源振动速度峰值， k =2 p / l 是波数），表达为发射端和反射端表面上的边界积分方程，并通过边界元方法求解。

First, based on the analogy of the mathematical expressionbetween the propa gation of EM wave and that of seismic wavein a horizontal stratified earth, the re flectivity and transmissionformulation for EM plane wave propagating incident nor malto the layers are derived, the formulation with relation to pseudo-impulse is discussed and pseudo-impulse response is compared with impulse response of re flection seismology.

作者首先基于电磁波与地震波在水平层状介质中传播特征在数学形式上的相似性，推导了垂直入射平面电磁波在层间反射与透射传播函数，并讨论了它们与伪脉冲的关系，与反射地震学中脉冲响应作了对比。

The calculation takes into account the effects of grating period, noncollinear amplification geometry, crystal's length and pump intensity. The results show the grating period of PPLN and the noncollinear geometry has effects on the spectral bandwidth.

计算结果表明，参量带宽和增益带宽具有相似的特性，而且PPLN晶体的周期和非共线入射结构会对光参量放大的光谱带宽产生一定的影响，在同一波长处，通过调节晶体周期或非共线结构可以获得更大的带宽。

The conventional SHPB technique is improved by using a pulse shaper. Pulse shapers technique is used to modify the incident wave and decrease the effect of wave dispersion to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation in specimen, and furthermore a constant strain rate is attained during the loading history. The lasting time of acceleration pulse is enhanced to numerable MSEL, which is more close to actual loading.

本文改进了传统的霍普金森压杆技术，采用波形整形技术，改变加载波形，获得了比较光滑的入射波，降低了波的弥散效应，保证实验时火工品试样中的应力平衡和均匀变形，得到了更接近常应变率的动态加载条件，使加速度脉冲持续时间t提高数倍，更加真实的反映了火工品实际加载环境。

Single-scattering diffuse backscattering Mueller matrices expressions based on Stokes vectors of the backscattered light are derived when a narrow pencillike beam is perpendicular to the surface of the plane of turbid medium.

采用斯托克斯矢量形式，推导出当无限窄的连续光束垂直入射到混浊介质表面时，后向单次漫散射米勒矩阵的解析表达式。

On the basis of observation on the incident and transmitted photosynthetically active radiation of the winter wheat canopy under the monoculture and intercropping ways, the diurnal change of interception photosynthetically active radiation, the relationship between IPAR and leave area index, and the shading of the winter wheat were studied.

文章摘要：通过对单作和间作种植模式下作物冠层入射和透射光合有效辐射的观测，研究了不同种植模式下冠层光合有效辐射截获量的日变化规律及其与叶面积指数的关系以及冬小麦对预留行的遮荫作用。

Finally, Jones vectors for the electric fields of the incident and refracted rays are obtained.

最终给出了入射光和折射光电场矢量的琼斯矢量形式。

The relationship between electric components of incident and refracted waves is expressed by transmission coefficients from Fresnel equations.

其中， 入射光和折射光电场分量之间的关系用菲涅耳方程中的透射系数表示。

This phase shift does not occur when n1 〉 n2, or for the refracted light in any cases.

同时指出，折射光的振幅可以大于入射光的振幅，应从能量的角度正确理解这一结果。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。