入射

Third, the discussion of the corresponding relationship of the real angles to the apparent real angles is performed, the asymptotic bias and MSE of real angles are given. Fourth, based on above conclusions, the analysis of two typical cases is made by numerical analysis and computer simulation: Case A when the impinging signals are divided into desired signals and interfering signals: it is shown that similar to Cyclic estimation of DOA, the smaller the separation between interfering direction and signal direction, in general, the smaller the estimation variance.

首先，研究了无穷快拍时信号数目有误的最大似然估计，引入了视在真实角度的概念；其次，导出了视在真实角度最大似然估计大样本时的分布以及渐近均方误差的解析表达式，而且还证明了：Stoica性能分析结果是现在的分析结果在信号数目准确时的特例；第三，讨论了真实角度与视在真实角度的关系，给出了真实角度的渐近偏和渐近均方误差；第四，依据前面的结果，利用数值分析和模拟实验的方法对两种典型情况做了分析： 1 在入射信号被分为干扰信号和所需信号情况下：结果表明：与CyclicDOA估计一样，干扰方向与所需信号方向靠的越近，所需信号估计的方差越小，越远离，方差越大。

The test results indicate that Lambert cosine radiation characteristic of the new method has a distinct improvement, and the incidence normalized curve approaches to the standard cosine curve in the 0° and 45°.

测试结果表明，新工艺的朗伯余弦辐射特性得到明显改善，在0°与45°入射时，归一化曲线接近标准余弦曲线；300 nm处半球反射率均匀度从0.77提高到0.98；200~400 nm处半球反射率平均提高33%；将其应用于紫外－真空紫外遥感仪器上进行了角度响应测试，漫反射特性明显优于美国2002年发射的同类仪器SBUV/2。

The test results indicate that Lambert cosine radiation characteristic of the new method has a distinct improvement, and the incidence normalized curve approaches to the standard cosine curve in the 0° and 45°. Moreover,with the new mehtod, hemisphere index of reflection uniformity increases from 0.77 to 0.98 at 300 nm and the hemisphere index of reflection averagely enhances by 33% at 200~400 nm.

测试结果表明，新工艺的朗伯余弦辐射特性得到明显改善，在0°与45°入射时，归一化曲线接近标准余弦曲线；300 nm处半球反射率均匀度从0.77提高到0.98；200~400 nm处半球反射率平均提高33%；将其应用于紫外-真空紫外遥感仪器上进行了角度响应测试，漫反射特性明显优于美国2002年发射的同类仪器SBUV/2。

Also, the calcuated results on the angular distribution of backscattered electrons seem not to follow a cosine a cosine law for both the lower energies as well as the medium with larger mean atomic number.

入射电子能量较低，介质平均原子序数较大时，计算的背散射电子角分析不服从余弦分布律。

Adiabatic shear instability will take place when the normal component of particle velocity excesses critical value.

发生绝热剪切失稳的条件是入射速度的法向分最大于碰撞过程的临界速度。

The long designed path of the X-ray spectrometer beam is 980 mm from the source to the detector via the crystal. Experiment is carried out at a 20-J laser facility.

物理实验在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心20J激光装置上进行，入射激光能量为6.78J，成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。

Compared with the light equation for cylindrical lens, the equation for conelens is much more complicated.

柱透镜在近轴平行光入射时，光线的振幅、相位、周期保持不变，而锥透镜的三者均发生变化，而且求解锥透镜的光线方程也比圆柱透镜复杂得多。

The symcenter of conoscopic interference pattern is corresponding to vertical incident light and crystal birefractive index is proportional to interference order m. Decimal fraction of interference order m is calculated by the placement of central dark fringe and integer part is ascertained by self-consistent method.

干涉图的对称中心对应于正入射光线，双折射率正比于此点的干涉级m，m的小数部分主要由中央暗条纹的位置决定，m的整数部分由自洽的办法求出。

Thus, is 100 times the measured value, in degrees, for a solution containing 1 g in 100 mL, measured in a cell having a pathlength of 1.0 decimeter under defined conditions of incident wavelength of light and temperature.

因此，当100mL中含有1克的溶液，在通道长度为1.0分米的单位中，并使用规定的入射光波长和温度的情况下，是测量值的100倍。

If the light permeation of polarimeter is not parallel or vertical to the incidence plane, the polarized light exists an angle of deflexion.

指出如果偏振片不与入射面垂直和平行，此时的偏振光存在一定角度的偏转，此时国内与国外仪器测定的结果是不同的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。