克隆

Two of the six clones had the same DNA sequence,so there are five different antigenic epitopes in the six clones;the Blast analysis showed that there were no sequence homology between the five epitopes and the known antigen of paragonimus.

上述6个克隆有2个克隆的DNA序列完全相同，即6个克隆包含了5种不同的抗原表位；Blast分析表明5个表位与已知的肺吸虫抗原表位无DNA序列的同源性。

The result of AKP test showed that the 3D-colony cells taken the russety colour .The other cells including feeder cells and around cells have not been dyed. It suggests that the 3D-colony cells should have a high activity of AKP, might be in the non-differentiation or low differentiation state.

碱性磷酸激酶的染色结果显示这些细胞克隆呈红褐色，而周围细胞和饲养层细胞未着色或着色很浅，说明这些细胞克隆的内源性碱性磷酸酶活性较高，从而表明这些细胞克隆处于未分化或低分化状态。

A set of spectific primers was syn thesized according to HBV DNA sequence of Chinese strain, the whole X region was amplified by PCR method from the serum of 9 patients with chronic HBV infection , and then the PCR products were subcloned into pGEM Teasy vectors. Clones were randomly selected to be sequenced. Comparison of the cloned sequence was made to find the difference. After being compared, each sequence of selected clones is o f difference. The point mutation scattered through X region. Deletion mutations were detected in 19 clones of 37(51.4%), which caused different carboxyl endings of X protein. There is a hot region (after 123 aa code) where deletion mutation frequently happens.

以中国株HBV基因序列为依据，设计特异性多聚酶链反应引物，自9例慢性HBV感染患者血清中扩增HBV X基因，克隆入pGEM Teasy质粒，随机挑选克隆进行D NA测序以确定病毒的变异程度。37例测序结果提示来源于不同患者HBV X基因序列高度保守，但每个序列均不一致。X区除了存在广泛的碱基点替换突变外，序列的缺失突变占测序克隆总数的51.4％（19／37）；氨基酸缺失及移框突变多发生于123位氨基酸残基之后，可导致X蛋白多种羧基端形式。

Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate cells surface antigen expression and cells binding Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 of the early and late clones in group B was detected by direct fluorescence staining.

结果：早期克隆数目的获得在2组间差异无统计学意义，但序列黏附法获得晚期克隆数目增加（P〈0.05），且B组的早期克隆细胞表达CD3减少（P〈0.05）。

From the frequently used way that applying probe vectors for choosing promoter to the using of PCR, there were lots of ways for promoter cloning. Afterwards, a series of techniques based on PCR for promoter cloning such as I-PCR, P-PCR, SSP-PCR, YADE, TAIL-PCR were developed in succession. They offered more reliable and reasonable ways of cloning the promoter.

着重介绍了启动子克隆的方法，从常用的利用启动子探针型载体筛选启动子到PCR方法的应用，及此后相继出现的一些基于PCR法的克隆启动子技术，像I-PCR， P-PCR， SSP-PCR， YADE， TAIL-PCR等，为克隆启动子提供了更可靠，更合理的方法。

A clone is said to be positive if it hybridizes with the probe, and negative otherwise.

克隆如果含有这个特定因子则称它为正的克隆；反之，称为负的克隆。

The results indicated that the insets were all same in size and a few were different in sequence.

将200bp PCR产物进行了分离、纯化和克隆，并对随机选取的22个重组克隆质粒的酶切和PCR-SSCP分析后，实验结果显示，这些克隆的插入片段长度一致，其中部分片段间具有不同的碱基构成。

They conta i ned full genes ORFs and proved to have been prolongated effectively. The result showed that the seqences of 14 genes were genes known previously and 6 genes were new .We separately chose one seqence from known and the other from unknown genes to make full-length cDNA annotation. Their code number was EST contig110 and EST contig133. We designed specific primers to amplify the two genes by RT-PCR, and then sequenced. The result was obtained as expected and proved that silico cloning genes was reliable.

对20条contigs进行了基因注释，证实它们均得到了有效延伸，具有完整开放阅读框，其中已知的猪基因序列14条，猪新基因序列6条，分别从已知猪基因序列和未知猪基因序列中各抽取一条感兴趣序列进行全长cDNA的预测，它们的编号分别为EST contig110和EST contig133，设计特异引物对两条候选序列进行克隆与测序，结果与电子克隆所得序列一致，证实了电子克隆的有效性。

As controersial as embryonic stem cell research can be, cloning embryos to produce those stem cells is een thornier. Much of the world became familiar with cloning in 1997, when scientists announced they'd cloned a sheep named Dolly.

和颇有争议的胚胎干细胞研究一样，利用克隆胚胎来生产干细胞是更为棘手的。1997年，科学家们宣布他们克隆了一只取名叫&多利&的绵羊，人们对&克隆&开始熟悉起来。

The objectives of this study are:(1) To amplify Tb wbbL gene encoding rhamnosyl transferase bypolymerase chain reaction from the genomic DNA ofM.tuberculosis H37RV strain;(2) To clone PCR product of Tb wbbLgene into a cloning vector pMD18-T for sequencing;(3) To subcloneTb wbbL gene to an expression vector pET16b to construct pET16b-Tb wbbL; and to overexpress Tb WbbL protein in E.coli BL21(DE3)under different induction conditions;(4) To establish theco-expression system for expressing chaperons of pKJE7 plasmidand soluble Tb WbbL protein in E.coli BL21(DE3) under differentinduction conditions;(5) To test expressed WbbL protein by SDS-PAGEand Western blot methods.

本论文的目的是：(1)利用 PCR 方法从结核分枝杆菌 H37Rv 菌株的基因组DNA 中扩增出 Tb wbbL 基因；(2)将 Tb wbbL 基因克隆到pMD18-T 克隆载体中，经 DNA 序列测定证实为正确的基因；(3)将 Tb wbbL 基因亚克隆到 pET16b 表达载体中并通过改变不同的诱导条件在大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中表达 Tb WbbL 蛋白质；(4)建立在 BL21(DE3)大肠杆菌中共表达 Tb WbbL 蛋白质与分子伴侣的体系，优化表达条件以高效表达出可溶性 Tb WbbL蛋白质；(5)用 Western blot 方法鉴定所表达的 Tb WbbL 蛋白质为 Tb wbbL 基因产物。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。