克隆

The technology of clone includes reproductive clone and treatment of clone.These two sides should be treated discriminately.

克隆技术又可以区分为生殖性克隆和治疗性克隆，这两个方面应该区别对待。

This article mainly discusses the large-scaled cultural conditions of clone in Gametophyte Laminaria .It studies the proper temperature, light time, light intensity, the consumption of nitrogen and phosphorus, the cultural state and inoculating density on the growth of gametophytic clone, the experiment of large-scaled culture had been done under comparatively proper conditions, in the same time, we studied the growth rule of gametophytic clone in the cultural process.

本文主要探讨了海带配子体克隆的大规模培养条件，对海带配子体克隆生长的适宜温度、光照时间、光照强度、营养盐消耗、培养状态以及接种密度进行了研究，并在相对适宜条件下进行了大规模培养实验，同时，对海带配子体克隆在培养过程中的生长规律进行了研究。

Then plant expression vector pBG128 contains a germin gene ,a Nptll gene as the selectable marker and a B -gluceronidase gene as the reporter gene.

但反向克隆的重组子得到的小片段大小为1，567bp，正向克隆的重组子所得的小片段大小为968bp，并命名正向克隆的重组子为pBG128。

We reviewed the parameters relating to clonal growth, such as internodal length, spacer length and branching angle as well as rhizome elongation and branching rates, of seagrass species. These parameters have determinant impacts on the expanding of seagrass patches. However, breeding system may also affect patch sizes.

与克隆生长有关的参数(如节间长度、间隔子长度、分枝角度以及延伸速率和分枝率等)对于海草的克隆生长有着决定性影响，但繁育系统对克隆斑块大小也有较大影响。

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

Methods Blood samples were obtained from 5 patients with AIDS, the C2~C3 region of HIV-1 envelope gene was amplified by nested polymerse chain reaction from plasma of each patient, and then subject to sequencing, clonal-quasispecies analysis, and the accumulation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions as well as ds/dn ratios were calculated.

采用套式聚合酶链反应方法对5例艾滋病患者血浆HIV-1 env基因C2~V3区进行PCR扩增，产物经纯化后克隆至pMD-18T载体中，每例患者分别挑取5~8个克隆，共34株，完成阳性克隆的鉴定、抽提纯化和测序，将获得的DNA序列及核苷酸序列进行分析，并计算其核苷酸同源替换率与非同源替换率的比值。

Blood samples were obtained from 5 patients with AIDS, the C2~C3 region of HIV-1 envelope gene was amplified by nested polymerse chain reaction from plasma of each patient, and then subject to sequencing, clonal-quasispecies analysis, and the accumulation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions as well as ds/dn ratios were calculated.

采用巢式PCR方法对5例艾滋病患者血浆HIV-1env基因C2~V3区进行PCR扩增，产物经纯化后克隆至pMD-18T载体中，每例患者分别挑取5~8个克隆，共34株，完成阳性克隆的鉴定、抽提纯化和测序，将获得的DNA序列及氨基酸序列进行分析，并计算其氨基酸同源替换率与非同源替换率的比值。

In contrast,the expression levels of Lb est2 in nymphal stages are lower than that in adult stage.2 Gene cloning of AChE and mRNA expression level in L.entomophila2.1 Gene cloning and sequence analysis of AChE in L.entomophilaTwo full length cDNA encoding AChE were cloned from L.entomophila by the methods of RT-PCR and RACE,named Le ace1(GenBank Accession No.:EU854149) and Le ace2GenBank Accession No.

CarE基因在不同发育阶段mRNA表达量的分析结果表明，Lb est1的表达量随着该虫生长发育的进行逐渐降低，至成虫期时表达水平最低；相反，L6 est2在若虫期表达水平较低，而在成虫期表达水平最高。2嗜虫书虱乙酰胆碱酯酶基因克隆及其mRNA表达水平研究2.1嗜虫书虱乙酰胆碱酯酶基因克隆及序列分析利用RT-PCR和RACE技术成功克隆获得嗜虫书虱2个AChE基在的全长序列，分别命名为Le ace1(GenBank登录号：EU854149)和Le ace2(GenBank登录号：EU854150)。

Calyciflorus clones were cultured at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃and 30℃with 3.0×106 cells/mL of Scenedesmus obliquus to investigate their differences in life history characteristics and their responses to increasing temperature.

结果表明，温度对萼花臂尾轮虫存活率和繁殖率的影响在不同克隆间存在着差异。20℃和25℃下，四个克隆轮虫的世代时间和净生殖率均分别无显著的差异；20℃、25℃和30℃下，四个克隆轮虫的平均寿命和出生时的生命期望亦然。

Among 90 positive clones in the 16S rDNA library of microorganisms, 23 OTUs were identified based on the similarity of the ARDRA banding profiles. Sequence analysis revealed diverse phyla of bacteria in the 16S rDNA library, which consisted of alpha, beta, delta subclasses of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes.

采用限制性内切酶HaeIII和RsaI对克隆文库中的90个克隆子进行了酶切分型，根据ARDRA酶切图谱的不同，可将其分为23个OTUs.16S rDNA序列分析结果表明，该克隆文库中主要包括变形菌门的alpha、beta、detla亚类、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门及浮霉菌门等8类细菌及未培养细菌。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。