光线的

Refraction regularity of extraordinary ray in uniaxial crystal with arbitrarily oriented optical axis;2. In the case of optical axis of uniaxial crystal being parallel with the incident plane, the angle of refraction of extraordinary ray are calculated by using Fermat's principle.

在单轴晶体的光轴与入射面平行的情形下用费马原理计算非寻常光光线的折射角，然后就怎样定义非寻常光作些讨论，最后在单轴晶体的光轴任意取向的普遍情形下给出计算非寻常光光线折射方向的公式。

Compared with the light equation for cylindrical lens, the equation for conelens is much more complicated.

柱透镜在近轴平行光入射时，光线的振幅、相位、周期保持不变，而锥透镜的三者均发生变化，而且求解锥透镜的光线方程也比圆柱透镜复杂得多。

The radial mobility is highest in the region of high electron temperature and when the magnetic field lines are radial.

光线的可动性在高的电子温度和有磁性的领域线何时是光线的区域中是最高的。

So artistic charm of oil painting has direct connection with use and expression of light and as an important plastic element, light has noteworthy effects on style and form of oil painting.

因此，油画的艺术魅力与光线的运用和表现有着直接的联系。光线作为重要的造型元素对油画的表现风格和形式有着不容忽视的影响。

The experimental method was described for measuring the chromaticity of the light source of electroluminescence lines by means of a grating monochromator .

基于色度学的基本理论和色度的测量方法，提出了用平面光栅单色仪测量场致发光线光源色度的方法，研究了场致发光线的结构和发光原理

We studied that the transfer matrix ABCD theorem for the passage of paraxial rays or the optical system possessing a rotational symmetry axis can be generalized for the skew rays propagated off-axis, whether the optical system possessing rotational symmetry axis or not.

本文推广了几何光学近轴光线传输的ABCD定理，使之适用于远离光轴的空间光线的传输，无论光学系统是旋转对称的还是非旋转对称的。

In order to meet the demand of precise measurement and applications, the principle of phase retardation with oblique incident angle is expounded, based on the total-reflection phase transformation theory of the phase retardation. By means of Fresnel rhomb, the variation law of the phase retardation for rhomb-type retarder with the incident angle is analyzed. The result indicates that incident angle has obvious influence over the phase retardation.The phase retardation is sensitive to the incident angle, and also has close correlation to incident position of the incident ray, which is asymmetrical to the incident position of the incident ray.

为满足精确应用和测量的需求，从相位延迟的全反射相变理论出发，阐述了斜入射相位延迟原理，以菲涅耳菱体为例，分析了菱体型相位延迟器相位延迟随其入射角变化的规律性，结果表明：当光线非严格准直时，光的入射角对相位延迟量有明显的影响，延迟量不但对入射角变化敏感，而且还与入射光线的入射方位密切相关，呈不对称形式。

In the world, most of the work is using the ray casting method for such a hybrid rendering. This is because the sample point of geometric objects can be conveniently inserted into the sequence of points in the volume along a ray line.

国际上关于这方面的工作很多，但基本上是运用光线投射方法进行混合成象，因为在每条成象光线的数据样点序列中，便于插入几何形体的样点。

Ken sprang onto the top of the balance beam, and suddenly the beam shuddered as a small projectile hit it.

肯恩在平衡光线的顶端之上跳，而且突然光线战栗如一个小的发射碰撞它。

PRT considers all incident lighting from the upper hemisphere on each point of the surface resulting in smooth shadow. In this method, by considering the way light source is blocked by other objects and how it reflect on object surfaces, one can create self-shadowing and self-interreflection effects.

PRT因为考虑物体每一个表面点单独受到四面八方光线的影响，因此所呈现的明暗效果非常平滑，同时此光照技术也能够考虑每一个表面点光源被物件其他部分遮住的情形以及受到其他物件反射光线之影响，因此能够表现从来无法以及时运算呈现的自身阴影与反射光。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。