光反射

By using a set of simple formula and calculating method with the rotating of coordinate axis, this paper gives the concrete expression of the reflectance and transmissivity of monopodium with discretional optical axis.

研究了光从各向同性介质入射至单轴晶体界面上时反射和折射情况，采用一套较为简单的公式和计算方法，再加上坐标轴的旋转，从而给出了在晶体光轴取向任意的一般情况下，光在晶体界面上的透射、反射系数的具体表达式。

The invention is a rotary image-free 45-degree scan optical system, and it includes a 45-degree scanning mirror, double-reflecting optical converging primary system, K mirror rotary image eliminating system and after optical system, where the rotary axis of the 45-degree scanning mirror coincides with the optical axes of the other three systems, composing its optical axis.

一种无像旋的45°镜扫描光学系统，该系统包括45°扫描镜、双反射光学会聚主系统、K镜消像旋系统和后光学系统，45°扫描镜的旋转轴与双反射光学会聚主系统、K镜消像旋系统和后光学系统的光轴重合，构成本光学系统的光轴。

The spectral features of apple florescence mainly presented as absorption of blue light and red light, reflection of green light, and the strong reflection of near-infrared between 750 nm to 1300 nm.

苹果树花期光谱特征主要表现为对蓝光和红光的吸收、对绿光的反射，和对750~1300 nm近红外的强烈反射。

Taking the Kubelka-Munk laws as foundation,the light interaction of ink and paper by existing models has been analyzed,including surface reflection of ink and multiple intemal reflection of paper,and light absorption and scattering and so on,the Clapper-Yule color prediction model has been modified aiming at the two possibilities of long and short distance of light scattering in newspaper.

以Kubelka-Munk定律为基础，研究了油墨、新闻纸在印刷中墨层的表面反射、承印物纸张内的多重内反射、墨层内光的吸收和散射，针对其中的光散射距离的长短两种可能，修正了Clapper-Yule颜色预测模型，引入代表长短光散射距离的比例系数h，建立了新的颜色预测模型，计算得到h=0.43。

Markov chain of stochastic process theory was introduced into the reflection mathematic model by considering the fact of total reflectance when light propagate to optically thinner medium from denser medium. The reflectance mathematic model of halftone image coated with different reflectance ink layer was established and discussed.

将随机过程论中的马尔可夫链理论引入到印刷品的反射－透射数学模型中，考虑到光在由光密介质进入光疏介质中传播时会发生全反射现象的事实，讨论并建立了不同折射率油膜层叠加的半色调图像光谱反射率数学模型。

Retroreflector array is used as pseudo phase conjugator in the system. The fidelity of the conjugate wave and matching problem of the retroreflector array and Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor is discussed. Several data fusion methods are presented in order to having two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors control one set of wavefront corrector. The misalignment errors of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor and arrangement errors of wavefront sensor and deformable mirror are analyzed. At the same time, numerical work based on the data of practically system, such as 61 element AO system, are done corresponding to the problem respectively and the results are given. The system of CP/CM AO is setup to fulfill all the functions. Through the data fusion of two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors, the system runs successfully and realizes the close loop. It lays a good foundation for the application of CP/CM AO. Another aspect of this paper is to expand the working band of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor through Frequency Transfer of Nonlinear Optics.

针对不同的应用环境，提出了四种CP／CM衍生光路；进行了关键器件——角反射器阵列的保真度分析，给出了角反射器阵列作为伪相位共轭器件，与哈特曼—夏克波前传感器的匹配条件，认为角反射器阵列的布局要与哈特曼波前传感器的微透镜阵列布局完全对应，才能达到最优探测效果；提出了四种双哈特曼传感器控制一套波前校正器的数据融合方式，并逐一进行了分析，认为加修正因子斜率融合和电压融合方式在目前工程中是适用的，并进行了相应的数值模拟；给出了哈特曼传感器自身的调整误差分析过程，得到了误差可通过常规标定消除的判断依据；通过数值计算，得到了常规自适应光学系统和CP／CM系统哈特曼传感器和变形镜的对准误差对系统性能的影响，给出了两种系统对于不同对准误差情况下校正效果的变化情况和相应系统容限；以37单元自适应光学系统为基础，搭建了CP／CM自适应光学系统光路，并完成了系列CP／CM功能实现实验，运用双哈特曼传感器数据融合，成功实现了CP／CM自适应光学系统的闭环实验。

The emanative ligth shooted by the small bulb which is put at the focus of concave mirror is turn into parallel light by reflecting of concave mirror.

放在凹面镜焦点处的小灯泡发出的发散光经过凹面镜反射变成平行光，这说明在光的反射现象中光路是可逆的。

UV varnishing equipment t3w should be able to prevent UV irradiation to the operators, even if it is a reflection of the UV light to minimize or avoid the reflected UV light.

UV上光设备在设计上应该能够防止UV光照射到操作人员，即使是反射UV光也要尽量减到最少，或者完全避免反射UV光。

In order to decrease the weight of tracking system and make suitable use of the Lander space, the pitching-axis of Lunar optical telescope is vertical with the Lander's flank, its rotation part is fastened on the Lander's flank, the azimuth-axis adopts rotation reflecting mirror, the flat mirror is located before the telescope tube, the angle of flat mirror and the telescope ray-axis is 45°,so that the reflecting ray can enter the telescope optical system, the scan of the mirror can be accomplished by the rotation of the telescope tube.

工作过程中望远镜支架的两个轴需带动望远镜一起转动，为了减小跟踪平台的重量和合理利用着陆器空间，又能在大范围内对太空目标进行跟踪，月基天文望远镜的俯仰轴垂直于着陆器的侧面，其转动部分固联在着陆器的侧面，方位轴采用旋转反射镜方式，将平面反射镜放在望远镜的镜筒前端，并与望远镜光轴成45°安装，使反射光线能够进入望远镜光学系统，通过转动望远镜镜筒使得反射镜实现对空间的扫描。

This 2×2 switch utilizes four collimators arranged 90° to each other on a common plane, and use an ultra thin mirror as the reflector whose thickness is less than 1.8μm and roughness 5.721nm to allow double-sided reflection.

在2×2光开关方面，设计上采四根光准直器呈90°相互垂直排列在同一平面上，以微机电技术制作出超薄双面反射镜当作光讯号反射元件，厚度： 1.8μm，表面粗糙度： 5.721nm。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。