光反射

The reason of this is that near the horizon we look through a very great thickness of the lower atmosphere, which is full of the larger dust particles reflecting white light, and this diluter the pure blue of the higher atmosphere seen beyond, And in the vicinity of the sun a good deal of the blue light is reflected back into space by the finer dust, thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which reaches us reflected chiefly from the coarse dust of the lower atmosphere.

这是因为我们向天边望去时，目光要穿过极厚的低空大气层，其中布满颗粒较大的尘埃，反射出白光，这就冲淡了天际高空大气层的纯蓝色。在太阳附近，大量蓝光则由细微的尘埃反射回太空。这样，主要由低空大气层的粗粒尘埃反射到地面的光线，便带有浅黄色。

The reasonof this is that near the horizon we look through a very great thickness of thelower atmosphere,which is full of the larger dust particles reflecting whitelight,and this diluter the pure blue of the higher atmosphere seen beyond,And inthe vicinity of the sun a good deal of the blue light is reflected back intospace by the finer dust,thus giving a yellowish tinge to that which reaches usreflected chiefly from the coarse dust of the lower atmosphere.

这是因为我们向天边望去时，目光要穿过极厚的低空大气层，其中布满颗粒较大的尘埃，反射出白光，这就冲淡了天际高空大气层的纯蓝色。在太阳附近，大量蓝光则由细微的尘埃反射回太空。这样，主要由低空大气层的粗粒尘埃反射到地面的光线，便带有浅黄色。

R4The working principle of convergence reflection type photo switch is similar to that of direct reflection type one, while its projector and light receiver focus on object distance, only when the object presents to the focus can the photo switch actuate.

R3 会聚型反射式convergence reflection type 会聚型反射式的光电开关的工作原理类似于直接反射式光电开关，然而其投光器与受光器聚焦于物距离，只有当物体出现在聚焦时，光电开关才有动作。

On the approximation that the ink is non-scattering and its refractive index is nearly equal to papers, we propose a spectral reflectance color prediction model for recto-verso halftone images by making use of the theory of the light propagation in paper with long- and short-distance model and net structure of multiple reflection in the recto-verso halftone images.

在假定油墨是非散射介质以及油墨的折射率与纸张的折射率近似相等的条件下，利用光在油墨与纸张中散射迁移路径长短不同的分程理论和多重内反射的网状结构分析方法，研究了光照射在双面印刷品上的光谱反射规律，建立了双面印刷品的光谱反射色彩预测模型。

Open Linear Encoder includes main grating scale and optical encoder head. This optical encoder head includes LED light source, optical detector module, and secondary phase-grating. LED light will pass through the plano-convex lens and produces parallel light. As the parallel light pass through secondary grating, the quadratic image display on the main grating scale. And the Moire interference will be reflected from the main grating scale and detected by optical detector module, as there is a relative shift between the main and secondary grating. From detecting the periodic sinusoidal signal with phase difference 90°, the period represents the grating pitch, using the counter to detect the number of periodic signals to get the displacement, and we can adapt the technology of electron subdivide further to increase the resolution of measurement .

反射式光学尺包括主光栅尺及光学读头，光学读头包含LED光源、光侦测器模组及相位式副光栅，LED光源经平凸透镜，产生平行光穿透副光栅后，副光栅之二次成像投射在反射主光栅尺上，当主、副光栅因相对运对产生之Moire干涉经主光栅尺反射至光电检测器，检出相位差90°之周期性弦波讯号，其周期代表栅距，因此可用计数器检出周期性讯号数目得到位移量，可进一步采用电子细分割技术提高解析度。

As the orientation of optical axis is arbitrary, the polarization states and the amplitudes of the o ray and e ray and the refracted ray were given, and the theoretical expressions of the reflectivity and the transmissivity representing energy relations between the rays were obtained, which provide a theoretical basis for developing and applying crystal devices.

在晶体光轴取向任意的条件下，给出了反射的o光、e光以及折射光的偏振状态和振幅以及表明各光束间能量关系的折射率和反射率的理论表达式，为晶体器件特性的研究提供了有力的理论工具。

The so-called transmission-means-tested objects on the road, a constant source of light energy through the measured object, most of the absorption, optical transmission project to optoelectronic components; The so-called diffuse reflection is a constant source of light projected on the measured object, from the detected objects to the surface after projecting optoelectronic components; Shade refers to the so-called when-issued light of the flux measured by the light of a cover part of the projected cut optoelectronic components of flux change, and the degree of change in the optical path detected objects position.

所谓透射式是指被测物体放在光路中，恒光源发出的光能量穿过被测物，部份被吸收后，透射光投射到光电元件上；所谓漫反射式是指恒光源发出的光投射到被测物上，再从被测物体表面反射后投射到光电元件上；所谓遮光式是指当光源发出的光通量经被测物光遮其中一部份，使投射刭光电元件上的光通量改变，改变的程度与被测物体在光路位置有关。

Retroreflector array is used as pseudo phase conjugator in the system. The fidelity of the conjugate wave and matching problem of the retroreflector array and Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor is discussed. Several data fusion methods are presented in order to having two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors control one set of wavefront corrector. The misalignment errors of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor and arrangement errors of wavefront sensor and deformable mirror are analyzed. At the same time, numerical work based on the data of practically system, such as 61 element AO system, are done corresponding to the problem respectively and the results are given.The system of CP/CM AO is setup to fulfill all the functions.

针对不同的应用环境，提出了四种CP／CM衍生光路；进行了关键器件——角反射器阵列的保真度分析，给出了角反射器阵列作为伪相位共轭器件，与哈特曼—夏克波前传感器的匹配条件，认为角反射器阵列的布局要与哈特曼波前传感器的微透镜阵列布局完全对应，才能达到最优探测效果；提出了四种双哈特曼传感器控制一套波前校正器的数据融合方式，并逐一进行了分析，认为加修正因子斜率融合和电压融合方式在目前工程中是适用的，并进行了相应的数值模拟；给出了哈特曼传感器自身的调整误差分析过程，得到了误差可通过常规标定消除的判断依据；通过数值计算，得到了常规自适应光学系统和CP／CM系统哈特曼传感器和变形镜的对准误差对系统性能的影响，给出了两种系统对于不同对准误差情况下校正效果的变化情况和相应系统容限；以37单元自适应光学系统为基础，搭建了CP／CM自适应光学系统光路，并完成了系列CP／CM功能实现实验，运用双哈特曼传感器数据融合，成功实现了CP／CM自适应光学系统的闭环实验。

When the viewpoint is changing quickly, the rendering algorithm ignores some details of the diffuse component, otherwise the scene is rendered more precisely. The Specula highlight is dependent of the viewpoint, it must be processed in real time. We present an algorithm to get rid of the area that does not contain specula highlight quickly and calculate only the area that contains the specula highlight. In order to calculate the specula reflection and refraction component, we presented a new raytracing algorithm based on the environment map transformation. The environment maps are constructed at the sample points of the scene in the preprocessing phase. We add depth information in the environment maps and generate the exact reflection and refraction intensity with the transformation of a few pixels.

对于表面光亮度漫射分量，由于它与视点无关，可以把面片按照光照细节的分布预剖分成层次结构，然后在实时漫游时根据场景变化的快慢决定绘制的细致程度；对于镜面高光分量，由于它与视点有关，必须实时处理，我们提出了一种快速高光裁剪算法，通过简单测试，去除那些不包含高光的区域，只处理包含高光的区域；对于镜面反射分量和折射分量，我们提出了一种基于环境映照变换的快速光线跟踪算法，预先在场景的离散采样点处建立环境映照，然后根据入射点的位置，把邻近采样点处的环境映照上相关象素处的可见点变换过来，求取反射分量和折射分量。

Light propagation in the facetted light-collimator is based on total internal reflection or on reflection at a reflective coating provided on the facets of the facetted light-collimator.

多面光准直器中的光传播基于全内反射和在提供于多面光准直器的棱面上的反射覆层处的反射进行。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。