先例

This was what might be described as an extra-constitutional crisis; and, as the Church has a right in such circumstances to remove reasonable doubt and provide a pope whose claims would be indisputable, even an acephalous council, supported by the body of bishops throughout the world, was competent to meet this altogether exceptional emergency without thereby setting up a precedent that could be erected into a regular constitutional rule, as the Gallicans wrongly imagined.

这是什么可能会被形容为一课外宪制危机，以及作为教会的权利，在这种情况下，以消除合理怀疑，并提供一个教宗的债权将不争的，即使是一acephalous会，支持该机构在整个主教世界上有能力，以应付这完全没有特殊的紧急情况，从而建立了一个先例，可以竖立成为一个经常性的宪法规则，作为gallicans错误可想而知。

The fundamental problem is whether the censorship can be actionable set up, how to set up.

这些都是本章将要探讨的，而且只能界定在理论上的探索，因为此前，似乎尚无这方面的先例。

Is the shameless plundering of the Chinese people, and create a precedent for compensation blackmail the aggressor

是对中国人民的无耻掠夺，开创了侵略者勒索赔款的先例

The hesitation of our courts in declaring principles may be much more reasonably attributed to the comparative scantiness of our precedents, voluminous as they appear to him who is acquainted with no other system, than to the temper of our judges.

我们的法院所以不愿直截了当地宣布原则，很可能不是由于我们法官的禀性，而是由于我们的先例比较少，虽然我们的先例，在不知其他制度的人看来已是卷帙浩繁的了。

The scope of an adjudicative precedent may well be harder to define , because its reach will usually depend to some degree on the facts of a particular case.

而经裁断的先例的范围却难以界定，因为先例的适用在一定程度上通常取决于特定案件的事实。

Doctrinalism advocates discovering, understanding and creating constitutional meanings according to constitutional principles and spirit by studying the doctrines reflected in constitution.

学说解释方法强调通过体现在宪法文本中的宪法学说，来发现、理解和创造符合于宪法学说原则、精神的宪法含义；历史解释方法则认为在解释宪法时，应当把宪法的基本原则、精神和价值体系，与社会的发展变化情况有机结合起来；而先例解释方法常适用于单独的文本分析不能充分理解宪法条文时，借助于宪法解释机关过去做出的解释案例，以解释先例为基础来探究答案。

The judge will generally cite some reason for overruling the precedent, such as changes in technology or community values since the precedent was established, but he or she does not need to do so.

法官将会大概列出一些否决先例的原因，如先例制定以来的技术和和社会观念都发生了变化，但是他没有必要这么做。

The judge will generally cite some reason for overruling the precedent, such as changes in technology or community values since the precedent was established, but he or she does not need to do so.

例如，先例制定以来的技术改革或社团舆论价值，但是他没有必要这么做，他可以直接说先例不正确，否决先例实际上是对法律的一种修正。

Only the original court that issued the decision or a higher court normally repudiates an original decision .

通常只有作出该先例的法院，或者是该法院的上级法院才可以否弃先例。

Common Law Judge-Made Law Based on the theory of Precedent Precedent Contract Dispute Legal Ruling Precedent - a legal principle established in previous court decisions which involved similar or analogous fact situations.

普通法 衡平法基于先例的理论先例合同纠纷法律规则先例-一种建立在前一个类似案例的法庭宣判结果的法律原理。一种建立在前一个类似案例的法庭宣判结果的法律原理。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了