充电

The technology of electric information is developing very fast and make much more and more electric products teem,which develop in the direction of handy and miniaturization,such as mordern times communication equipmen、handy electric product、luggable computer、electric car、moonlet,and so on.it is used at large that the power supply make use of storage battery.hower most of storage battery can but use appropriative chargers,that need long time in the electrification and can't judge the electrification parameter and spare electrification time.thus it need a have much function and handy intelligent charger device that is a far-ranging application different kinds and types.the text integrate upwards request that will introduce a device and system of intelligent charger base on singlechip.in the power supply loop,the transformer take the voltage from 220v to 12v,then the rectifier circuit take the voltage turn to 14v,it is by way of the voltage of electrification power supply.

内容提要：电子信息技术的快速发展使得各种各样的电子产品不断涌现，并朝着便携和小型轻量化的趋势发展，现代通讯设备、便携式电子产品、笔记本电脑、电动汽车、小卫星等普遍使用蓄电池作为电源，应用非常广泛。然而大多数设备中的蓄电池，只能使用专用的充电器，而且普通的充电器大多充电时间长，无法判断其充电参数和剩余的充电时间，那么就需要一种广泛应用于不同种类和型号的可知道其充电参数和剩余充电时间的多功能便携式通用智能充电设备。本文结合以上要求介绍一种基于单片机的通用智能充电器的设计。

In addition it can real time watching and controlling what will be change about the temperature、the current and the voltage which belong to the electrification equipment.moreover it could take the com port and the umb communicate,later show the information to user.there is action that is dummy instrument.otherwise ,it can also change parameter,and suit different charger.

充电器可以实时采集电池的电压、电流，对充电过程进行智能控制，计算电池已充的电量和剩余的充电时间；并实时监控充电器材的温度、电流和电压大小以便调控充电进程，还可以通过串口和上位机进行通讯并给用户显示必要的信息，有虚拟仪表的作用；另外，它也可以改变参数，适应各种不同电池的充电。

The results showed that: the charging method had significant influence on deep cycling VRLA batteries;the constant-voltage charging method tended to long-term undercharge the batteries;the failure cause of constant-current charging batteries was that the active material would be soften and shed; the VRLA battery's serveice life would be improved by using pulse-charging method.

结果表明：1、充电制度对深循环VRLA电池的寿命有着重要的影响；2、恒压充电方法容易导致电池长期充电不足，从而发生硫酸盐化；3、恒流充电的电池失效原因是正极板铅膏发生软化、脱落；4、脉冲充电的方法可使深循环VRLA电池寿命提高。

6 Batteries, as described in 4.25.10, and battery chargers.(1) Battery connectors must be constructed of material with a V-0 flame rating or have a glow wire ignition rating of 750°C.(2) The battery charging system shall not present a risk of fire due to a short-circuit condition applied to any point in the length of a charger/battery interconnecting cable when tested inaccordance with 8.19.7.(3) During charging, battery-charging voltages shall not exceed the recommended charging voltages when tested in accordance with 8.19.6.(4) Battery chargers must be certified to the appropriate current national standard, for example UL, CSA, or equivalent standards body. 8.19.6 Battery Overcharge Test—Each battery shall be charged with its intended charger continuously for 336 h. The test shall not result in the release of electrolyte, or cause explosion or fire. 8.19.6.1 If the battery can be charged in the vehicle, place the battery in the vehicle and connect it to the charging circuit. Drape the charger, cable, and battery with a double layer of cheesecloth. The test shall not result in ignition of the cheesecloth or in the release of electrolyte.

4.25.10.6 电池(如4.25.10中的描述)和充电器(1)电池的连接器必须是使用UL94V0防火等级的材料做成的，或使用燃点为750度的发热线(2)按照8.19.7测试时，当在充电器和电池间的导线上的任意一点发生短路时，电池充电系统不允许出现着火的危险(3)充电时，按照8.19.6的测试方法，充电电压不允许超过推荐的充电电压(4)电池充电器必须通过相应的现行国家标准的认证，比如UL，CSA或等同的标准机构 8.19.6电池过充测试---每个电池都需要采用其默认的充电器连续充电336小时，测试不允许导致电极的泄露，导致爆炸或火灾 8.19.6.1若电池可以在交通工具上使用时，将电池放到交通工具上，并将之与充电电路连接起来，用双层粗棉布将充电器，连接线和电池遮挡起来。

The influence of charging parameters (such as charging voltage, charging time and charging temperature, etc.) on piezoelectricity and its thermal stability of cellular polypropylene film electrets was studied by means of contact charging and constant voltage corona charging methods and the thermal stimulated discharge technique.

通过接触法充电、恒压电晕充电，以及开路热刺激放电技术，对充电参数(例如充电电压，充电时间和充电温度等)对聚丙烯蜂窝膜驻极体的压电性及其热稳定性的影响的研究，并从孔洞型薄膜压电体的材料结构和理论模型出发，讨论了这些参数对其影响的原因，分析了与压电活性密切相关的空间电荷的动态特性。

In this paper,the discharge capacity,stability voltage and the ratio of constant current charge capacity and battery discharge capacity of lithium ion battery were studied. For the lithium manganese lithium-ion batteries,the discharge capacity,mid-value voltage and stability voltage all increased with increasing charge cutoff voltage. As long as charge cutoff voltage was no less than 4.15 V,the battery discharge capacity loss would not exceed 6%. When charge cutoff voltage was 4.15V,the constant current charge capacity accounted for more than 85% of total charge capacity,a little change from 4.20 V.

主要研究了不同截止电压对锰酸锂离子电池的放电容量性能、工作电压和恒流/恒压充电容量等电池性能的影响，结果表明：对于锰酸锂材料锂离子电池，放电容量、中值电压和稳定电压都随着充电截止电压的升高而提高，电池的充电截止电压只要不低于4.15 V，电池放电容量损失就不会超过6%；当充电截止电压为4.15 V时，电池的恒流充电容量占总充电容量的85%以上，与4.20 V相比变化不大。

PWM-controlled single-chip switching power supply lithium-ion battery chargers, effectively overcome the general charge, under-charging, low efficiency of the shortcomings, the charger for charging the overall management process, To be completed by pre-charge, fast charge and trickle charge function of the basic charge and battery safety monitoring functions and display functions, the realization of the intelligent charging, and to ensure that the charging effect .

PWM 控制的单片开关电源式锂电池充电器，有效地克服了一般充电、充电不足、效率低的缺点，该充电器对充电过程进行全面管理，可完成预充电、快速充电和涓流充电的基本充电功能和电池安全监测功能以及显示功能，实现了智能化充电，且保证了充电效果。

L Intelligent three-phase charge mode: We adopt constant current technology at the beginning of charge, which can made current invariable and avoid battery broken or accelerating battery aging. It can convert to constant- voltage and current-limiting charge when charge voltage achieves upper limit voltage, which can improve effectively the capacity conversion efficiency of battery. Trickle and floating charge make each single cell battery constant receive electricity and ensure battery capacity can be recall most, which solved the unbalanced phenomenon of single cell battery and avoid the danger of voltage change and the end of battery charge, extend battery life.

l 智能三阶段充电模式：充电初期采用恒流技术，使充电电流恒定，避免损坏电池，加速电池的老化；充电电压达到上限电压时自动转换为恒压限流充电，有效的提高了蓄电池的容量转换效率；涓流浮充使各单体电池均衡受电，保证电池容量得以最大限度恢复，有效解决单体电压不均衡现象，避免了市电电压的变化和蓄电池充电的末期造成的蓄电池过压充电的危险，大大延长了蓄电池的使用寿命。

Trickle and floating charge can make each single cell battery receiving electricity constant, ensure batteries capacity resuming maximum, settle the disproportion phenomenon of single cell battery, avoid the overvoltage charge danger of the power voltage change and the end of battery charge and extend the operational life of battery.

61548；完善的充电特性：采用恒流技术，充电初期电流恒定，使每节电池都能较快地充分地充满电，充电效率高，电池温升小；在充电电压达到上限电压时自动切换到恒压限流充电，有效的提高了蓄电池的容量转换效率；涓流浮充使各单体电池均衡受电，保证电池容量得以最大限度恢复，有效解决单体电压不均衡现象，避免了市电电压的变化和蓄电池充电的末期造成的蓄电池过压充电的危险，大大延长了蓄电池的使用寿命。

19Mm.扫频结束后测蓄电池最终状态,观察电池外观变化 5 Note: The definitions of some nomenclatures of this specification (1) standard charge: 0.3C5A charge at 20℃±5℃ to the limit voltage, then change to charge with constant voltage till the current less than or equal to

备注：以上标准中的一些术语的定义：(1)标准充电：在环境温度 20℃±5℃的条件下，以 0.3C5A 充电，当电池端电压达到充电限制电压时，改为恒压充电，直到充电电流小于或等于 0.02C5A 后停止充电(2)剩余容量：电池经过特定的检测程序后的首次放电容量。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。