元首

The financial, like every other department of administration under the autocracy, differed in its leading features from that of the Principate.

如同其它行政部门一样，君主专制之下的财政也与元首制时期有显著差别。

The principate of Julio-Claudian period created steady political situation, and precipitated the prosperity and mightiness of this period, thus layed the foundation of politics, territory, economics and culture for further development of Roman Empire.

朱理亚·克劳狄时期的元首政治为罗马帝国的发展创造了稳定的政治环境，促成了这一时期罗马社会的繁荣与强盛，从而为罗马帝国的进一步发展奠定了坚实的政治、地域、经济和文化基础。

Under the principate, most emperors with the highest authority favored the hereditary system.

在元首制下，皇帝拥有最高统治权，大多数皇帝都希望将皇位世袭。

This system, termed the "Principate," was far from flawless, but it provided the Roman Empire with a series of rulers who presided over the longest period of unity, peace, and prosperity that Western Europe, the Middle East and the North African seaboard have known in their entire recorded history.

这个被称做"元首政治"的体系，虽远不是完美无缺，但它为罗马帝国提供了一批统治者，他们主持了这个团结，和平，繁荣的漫长朝代，使西欧，中东，以及北非沿海地区因完整的历史记载而为人所知。

The tribute was paid only by those communities and in those districts which had always been liable; it was not extended to those which had been exempted under the Principate.

地产税仅由公社及一直承担它的地区支付，它未被扩展应用于那些元首制下免除此税的地区。

The author expounds the Senate's role in the time of Augustus of the Principate's consolidation of the civil war to the Flavians respectively, and evaluates the Senate's part on the whole.

笔者分别对奥古斯都时期、元首制巩固时期和从内战到弗拉维王朝三个时段内的元老院进行阐述，最后一部分评析约公元一世纪左右的元老院的整体演变情况。

The Principate experienced establishment, consolidation and the heyday.

元首制在帝国初期经历了从确立到巩固再到走向鼎盛这样三个阶段。

Throughout the principate the custom of extending Roman citizenship went on through grants both to entire communities and to individuals, until in A.D.

在罗马帝国实行元首制期间，将罗马公民权的范围扩大授予个人与整个团体，这一传统始终延续着，直至A.D.212年卡拉卡拉皇帝将公民权授予了全帝国所有生为自由民的人们。

With Augustus established in power and with the Principate firmly rooted, the internal machinations of the imperial household provide a fascinating glimpse into the one issue that painted this otherwise gifted organizer and politician into a corner from which he could find no easy exit: the problem of the succession.

当奥古斯都大权在握并使元首制牢牢生根之时，来自帝国内部的阴谋诡计向"谁是继承人？"这个问题投以迷人的一瞥——如果不这样做，那些有天赋的组织者和政客难有出头之日。

Using the newly discovered inscription, Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre, this paper reviews the history of the practice and discusses the essence of Roman aristocratic culture. An analysis of the Piso case of 20 AD reveals the political culture of the early Principate.

结合"除名毁忆"历史的梳理与贵族文化内涵的挖掘，通过新发现的元老院法令铭文，对公元20年的皮索案进行深入剖析，可一窥元首制初期的政治文化。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。