儒家

These cults were and are nothing more than accretions on the Confucian beliefs and customs of the lower classes, forms of popular devotion clinging like parasites to the ancestral religion.

这些邪教的人，并没有超过accretions对儒家信仰和习俗的低下阶层，形式的民众奉献死抱着像寄生虫，以祖宗教。

The Jesuits evaluated Confucius' teachings, either as a non-religious morality,or as a primitive monotheism. Being inspired by Jesuits' information, the Enlightenment scholar Pierre Bayle was first skeptical of whether atheists can be moral, which started breaking off the traditional dichotomy between true religion or piety and false religion or blasphemy.

17世纪耶稣会士引进儒家伦理和原始一神教，受此消息的影响，18世纪初的启蒙学者培里首先怀疑无神论是否有道德的问题，开始动摇西方&真宗教或信神/假宗教或渎神&的传统二元论的基础。

The symbol color of Confucian ethic affects the color development of Chinese figure painting, esp. on the figure's dress. Buddhism has developed closely with the magnificent style of "Royal academic painting" in Sui and Tang Dynasties. While in Song and Yuan Dynasties, literati painting type that focus on adding washes of ink or color to a drawing affected by Taoist ideas holds the mainstream of the position in painting ciders and all lasts to modem times.

儒家的伦理象征色影响了中国人物的色彩发挥（主要是对人物服饰的影响），佛教与隋唐之际金碧辉煌的&院画&风格的形成有关系；到了宋元，受道家思想影响的水墨渲淡为主的文人画风占据了画坛的主流地位，并一直影响到近现代。

Only when tribes conflict and cloister conflict, it emerges the scene, finally people have identity criers to the sate. So we know that there is a special power operational mechanism; the religion power promotes to the charismatic authority; it becomes the basal force that the government has to depend on. Otherwise, the political power of local government is hard to exert the realgovernment effect, and produces disabled government——he value identificationbetween Confucian culture and local of XunHua Tibetan area will be transplacement.

由此造成了循化藏区独特的权力运作机制：部落权力构成了整个权力运作机制的基垫，其他两种权力只有通过它才能发挥作用；宗教权力上升为魅力型的权威，虽然在总体上须仰仗清中央政府而取得相应的合法性，甚至还要屈从于地方政府的强制力，然而在面对地方政府时却具有相对的优越性，成为地方政府不得不依赖的基本力量；否则，地方政府所具有的政治权力，很难真正发挥相应的效力，就会产生了另外一种政府失效——儒家文化范畴与循化藏区地方性知识间的文化张力导致的价值认同错位。

The author of this thesis will do a try to expound the sources of Dongs political philosophy theory and also to testify Confucian attribute of his theory.

本文试就董仲舒政治哲学的理论渊源作一下尝试性的梳理与阐述，并力图论证他的政治哲学的儒家属性。

Easy to find that Dongs entire philosophy theory served for politics and the political philosophy is the center of his theory if one sort it out and analyze it painstakingly.

董仲舒的儒家哲学体系虽然庞大繁杂，但如果认真梳理、分析，就不难发现他的整个哲学理论都是为政治服务的，政治哲学是他哲学体系的中心。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician's position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician's position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physician's social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased. It became a very negative factor to the development of medicine.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响；宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

In the Xizhou dynasty to Xihan dynasty ,the physician"s position was inferior than that of witch physician though they already had high social position. From the mid of Xihan dynasty to Tang dynasty, the physician"s position is markedly went down and caused the negative influence to the development of medicine as Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the feudal society. From Song dynasty to Yuan dynasty ,the dynasts paid high attention to medicine ,so the physicians social position was greatly upgraded ,which promoted the development of medicine . The position of physician in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty were unprecedentedly debased.

经过本课题研究认为：医生的职责在夏至西周时期是由巫医兼任的，巫医在当时有着极其显要的社会地位，并在一定程度上对医学的发展作出了相应的贡献；东周至西汉前期，随着医巫的分离，医生的社会地位较巫医有所下降，但仍有相当的地位，并且活动相对自由；西汉中期以后至唐五代，随着儒家思想成为封建社会的正统思想，这一时期医生地位明显下降，对医学的发展产生了消极的影响：宋金元统治者重视医学，医生社会地位大为提高，推动了此期医学的发展；明清时期医生社会地位空前下降，是这一时期医学发展的一个消极因素。

This complex problem can be explained by the fact that the Confucian spirit, since the May 4th Movement in 1919, has hidden itself behind the enlightening intellectuals as the target of revolutionary criticism by the leftist intellectuals. On the other hand, the ecumenism humanism arising together with the Evangelization of the Chinese language, which best demonstrated the enterprising aspect of the Chinese tradition, has replaced the collectivism in the Confucianism with the individualism that fits well into the modern time.

这个问题非常复杂，根本原因在于：儒家精神自五四以来，一方面已潜隐在启蒙知识分子的身后，主要是左派知识分子的革命批判传统；另一方面，与现代汉语福音化相伴随的泛基督教人文主义，作为中国传统中入世和进取面的最新表现，已把儒教中的集体主义，替换为与现代性相融的个人主义。

Secondly, it theoretically analyses the structure characters and the development trend of administration methods. Then the paper studies the contact of Confucianism administration cultural and ethicizing school administration. Finally, it dissects the cultural basis and psychological factors of ethicizing school administration.

接着从理论上分析了管理方式的结构特征以及管理方式发展的趋势，进而深入地讨论了儒家管理文化与管理方式伦理化之间的关联，剖析了实施伦理化管理方式的文化基础和心理基础。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。