催化剂

Additives rare earths can further improve activity and thermostability no matter Fe or Fe/Mn catalysts. Co adulterant of CeO2 and La2O3 can promote the activity and thermostability of manganeses mixed oxides for the reverse water gas shift reaction.

稀土助剂加入可进一步提高铁基催化剂的活性，无论是单独铁基催化剂还是Fe/Mn催化剂加入稀土助剂后催化剂的活性都不同程度的提高，同时加入CeO_2和La_2O_3助剂可以显著提高Fe/Mn催化剂的活性和热稳定性。

The mechanism of modified Catalysts treating leachate through microwave catalytic oxidation showed that, for those rich in granular organic matters, microwave catalytic oxidation attains good pretreatment effect, while for those rich in dissolved organic matter, the effluent attained the municipal wastewater effluent standardsⅢafter treated; Molecular weigh cutting experiments showed that the removal efficiency of organic matter changes disproportionally with different molecular weight.

单目标物质催化剂的机理分析表明，以空气为氧化剂时，Ni-O/CeO_2催化剂的催化效能高于以Fe-O/CeO_2催化剂的催化效能；以H_2O_2为氧化剂以Fe-O/CeO_2催化剂的催化效能高于Ni-O/CeO_2催化剂的催化效能；微波催化氧化反应与常温常压催化氧化反应和水浴催化氧化反应相比大大缩短了反应时间、提高了反应效率。

A catalyst composition for the polymerization of propylene comprising one or more Ziegler-Natta procatalyst compositions comprising one or more transition metal compounds and one or more esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acid internal electron donors; one or more aluminum containing cocatalysts; a selectivity control agent comprising at least one silicon containing compound containing at least one C1-10 alkoxy group bonded to a silicon atom, and one or more activity limiting agent compounds comprising one or more aliphatic or cycloaliphatic carboxylic acids; alkyl-, cycloalkyl- or alkyl-ester derivatives thereof; or inertly substituted derivatives of the foregoing.

一种用于丙烯聚合的催化剂组合物，所述催化剂组合物包括：一种或多种齐格勒-纳塔主催化剂组合物，该主催化剂组合物包括一种或多种过渡金属化合物和一种或多种芳族二羧酸酯内部电子给体；一种或多种包含铝的助催化剂；选择性控制剂，该选择性控制剂包括至少一种包含硅的化合物，该化合物包括至少一种与硅原子连接的C 1-10 烷氧基；和一种或多种活性限制剂化合物，该活性限制剂包括一种或多种脂族或脂环族的单或聚羧酸类、其烷基-、环烷基-或烷基-衍生物、或上述惰性取代的衍生物。

It was found that Pd-Co/active carbon catalyst was the optimal catalyst, and Pd-Co/γ-Al2O3 was also good, but silica and kieselguhr were not proper carriers for the object reaction, because of their stronger surface acidity, which could result in the formation of polymer, jammed the micro pores of catalyst, and then resulted in its deactivation. Addition of Bi, Ce and Cu promoters could not improve the activity of catalyst, but La and Ba promoter could enhance the activity of catalyst apparently, and the Co was the best promoter, especially Co was impregnate in advance. It was attributed to that the pre-impregnated Co may occupy the micro pores of active carbon, and cover some bad functional groups on the surface of catalyst, so that the active and selectivity of catalyst could be enhanced obviously.

研究结果表明，Pd-Co/活性炭催化剂是目标转移加氢反应的最适宜催化剂，Pd-Co/γ-Al203效果也较好，而硅胶和硅藻土由于表面酸性较强，容易造成生成聚合物而堵塞催化剂微孔、使催化剂迅速失活；此外，添加Bi、Ce、Cu等助剂时对活性并无改善作用，而添加La和Ba助剂时可使Pd的催化活性有所提高，效果最好的是Co助剂，尤其是先浸渍Co的Pd-Co/C催化剂，原因是Co占据了活性炭的微孔、覆盖了某些对目标反应不利的官能团，使其活性和选择性都有较大幅度的提高。

Due to the ability of the bivalent magnesium cation to form stable chelate complexes with carbonyl compounds,magnesium methylate for example is used as a selective carbonyl condensing agent. Three synthesis routes was proposed based on literatures and comprehensive comparison with other ways. First,Magnesium methylate is prepared by reacting magnesium metal with dry methanol.The magnesium salts of"higher"primary alcohols,i.e.alcohols with ≥ 2 carbon atoms,do not react directly with pure alcohols under normal conditions.In fact catalysts are required to set the reaction in motion and the preparation is performed under pressure at the higher temperatures.

一、直接合成法：本文将镁与无水甲醇直接反应制得甲醇镁；"更高级"的醇（比如C≥ 2的醇）在无催化剂的条件下无法直接和镁进行反应，本文以CCl4为催化剂将无水乙醇与镁直接反应制得乙醇镁，但是以原甲酸三乙酯为催化剂无水乙醇与镁无法反应；不论是以CCl4为催化剂还是以原甲酸三乙酯为催化剂，丙醇均无法与镁直接反应。

Due to the ability of the bivalent magnesium cation to form stable chelate complexes with carbonyl compounds,magnesium methylate for example is used as a selective carbonyl condensing agent.Three synthesis routes was proposed based on literatures and comprehensive comparison with other ways.First,Magnesium methylate is prepared by reacting magnesium metal with dry methanol.The magnesium salts of higherprimary alcohols,i.e.alcohols with ≥ 2 carbon atoms,do not react directly with pure alcohols under normal conditions.In fact catalysts are required to set the reaction in motion and the preparation is performed under pressure at the higher temperatures.

一、直接合成法：本文将镁与无水甲醇直接反应制得甲醇镁；"更高级"的醇(比如C≥2的醇)在无催化剂的条件下无法直接和镁进行反应，本文以CCl_4为催化剂将无水乙醇与镁直接反应制得乙醇镁，但是以原甲酸三乙酯为催化剂无水乙醇与镁无法反应；不论是以CCl_4为催化剂还是以原甲酸三乙酯为催化剂，丙醇均无法与镁直接反应。

Progress in research of catalyst deactivation in ethylbenzene dehydrogenation was reviewed.Active phase of the catalyst was briefly analyzed.Five main reasons for the catalyst deactivation were discussed,including coke deposition,loss and redistribution of potassium promoter,change in oxidation state of iron,structural transformation of the catalyst,and the catalyst poisoning.

对乙苯脱氢制苯乙烯催化剂失活的研究进展进行了综述，分析了催化剂的活性相，分别探讨了积碳、钾的流失与重新分布、Fe3+的还原、催化剂物理结构的变化和中毒等5个因素对催化剂失活的影响及其失活机理，其中，钾的流失和Fe3+的还原是造成催化剂失活的重要因素。

Then the composition and particle size distribution of Ni catalysts at different sulfuration time were analyzed,and the coke-restraining activity of the catalyst was also studied.The results show that the structure of nickel sulfide catalyst changed with different sulfuration time,and the coke-restraining activity of the cata...

结果表明，硫化时间的增长，生成的硫化态催化剂晶形发生了相应的变化，随着硫化时间的延长和催化剂质量分数的提高，催化剂的抑制生焦活性提高；当硫化时间超过3h，催化剂质量分数大于2000μg/g时，催化剂抑焦活性的变化趋于平稳。

For the synthesis reaction of chalcone, cyclohexanone aldolization and biodiesel,γ-Al_2O_3-NaOH-Na solid superacid has a satisfactory catalytic activity. With hypnone and phenylaldehyde as raw material, amount of catalyst 7.5% wt% of material, mole ratio of hypnone and phenylaldehyde 1:1.1, reaction temperature 40℃, after 3 hours, the yield of chalcone can be up to 96.88%. With cyclohexanone as raw material, amount of catalyst 10% wt% of material, reaction temperature 190℃, after 3 hours, dimmer of cyclohexanone can be up to 85.66%.

将该固体超强碱催化剂应用于查尔酮、环己酮自缩合以及生物柴油的合成反应中，该改性固体超强碱催化剂表现出了良好的催化活性：以苯乙酮和苯甲醛为原料，反应温度为40℃，催化剂用量为反应物总质量的7.5％，苯甲醛与苯乙酮摩尔比为1：1.1，反应3h查尔酮产率可达96.88％；以环已酮为原料，催化剂用量为原料总质量的10％，反应温度为190℃，反应3h，二聚物的总收率可达85.66％；以动物油和甲醇为原料，醇油摩尔为9：1，催化剂用量为动物油质量的2％，反应温度为70℃，反应3h后，生物柴油的收率可达91.8％。

For low molar ratios of Al/Zr, a hypsochromic shift of the initial catalyst absorption band, corresponding to the monomethylation of the catalyst, was observed. Further addition of AlEt2Cl was accompanied by a continuous bathochromic shift of the maximal wavelength corresponding to the formation of more dissociated ionic active species. Then, there would be a coordination of monomer to the ionic active species.

结果表明，无论是AlEt_2Cl还是MAO，少量的助催化剂首先使催化剂发生单烷基化反应，主催化剂金属中心的最大吸收峰波长发生蓝移，而当助催化剂量进一步增加时，金属中心的最大吸收峰波长红移，单烷基取代的催化剂被大量的助催化剂夺去电子成为缺电子的阳离子活性中心，以便烯烃单体的配位插入。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。