催化作用

Through a series of experiments that were carefully designed, the different magnetization time and magnetic field strength made photocatalytic reaction change in varying degrees.

通过合理实验设计，研究了磁化时间、磁场强度对光催化的影响，讨论了磁化对光催化过程的作用机理，提出磁化对光催化存在协同作用。

The most appropriate catalyzed temprature and pH for it is 60 ℃ and 5.5 respectively. It has the extreme stability at the temperatures no more than 50 ℃.The CMC-Na has the protective effect on the cellulase. The pH stability range of the purified cellulase is 4 ~ 8. Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Li+ can ativate the cellulase. And cellulase can mainly decompose CMC and salicin, but can decompose other substrates feebly.

对这个组分的催化性质进行了研究，该酶的最适催化温度60 ℃，pH值为5.5，在50 ℃以下酶的稳定性较好，70 ℃条件下底物对酶有较强的保护作用，该酶的pH稳定性范围为4～8， Zn2+，Ca2+，Mg2+，K+，Li+对酶活有促进作用，Mn2+、Co2+、、Fe2+、Fe3+对酶活起抑制作用，酶对CMC-Na和水杨素有分解作用，而不分解脱脂棉和滤纸。

The biocatalyzed characters of the purified cellulases were investigated with the CMC-Na as substrate. The most appropriate catalyzed temprature for cellulase 1 is 60 "C,and 65 for cellulase 2. The two enzymes have the extreme stability at the temperatures no more than 50.The CMC-Na has the protective effect on the cellulase. The pH stability range of cellulase 1 is 4 ~ 8, and 6-9 for cellulase 2. Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Li+can ativate cellulase 1. K+, Li"1 can ativate cellulase 2. Cellulase 1 can mainly decompose CMC and salicin. Cellulase 2 can decompose not only CMC and salicin, but other substrates feebly.

以羧甲基纤维素为底物时，酶1的最适催化温度为60℃，酶2的最适催化温度为65℃，在50℃以下稳定性较好，底物对酶有较强的保护作用；酶1和酶2的最适pH分别为5.5和5.5～6.0，酶1的pH稳定性范围为4～8，酶2的稳定性范围为6～9；Zn~(2+)，Ca~(2+)，Mg~(2+)，K~+，Li~+对酶1有激活作用，K~+，Li~+对酶2有激活作用；酶1主要对CMC和水杨素有分解作用，对其它底物几乎不分解；酶2除了可以分解CMC和水杨素外，对其它底物也有微弱的分解作用。

Dealcoholization temperature markedly influences the surface area and porosity of the resultant MAO-supports. When the support was pretreated at lower or higher temperature, the corresponding MAO-support shows very low surface area;2.XRD and IR analyses indicate that MAO has reacted with the residual ethanol in the supports, which is an important manner to get MAO fixed on the carrier. Morever, XPS analyse indicates that MAO can also be coordinated with MgCl_2, which is another way to get MAO fixed on the support;3.ICP and EDX analyses indicate that dealcoholization temperature not only determined the element content on the solid catalyst, but also influences the element distribution on the carrier;4.The activities of the supported phenoxy-imine catalysts and the properties of resultant polymers are strongly dependent on the dealcoholization temperature. The support (MSP-5) obtained by treating MgCl_2·2.56C_2H_5OH at 160℃for 4 h, then modified by MAO is very effective for immobilizing complex 3, the resultant solid catalyst (MSPC-5) shows very high activity in ethylene polymerization, and its kinetics of polymerization is stable during the reaction process. Finally, PEs with spherical morphology and high bulk density (over 0.35g/ml) were obtained, without reactor fouling;5.In this work, polymerization conditions such as alkylaluminums, Al/Zr ratio, temperature and H_2 had a pronounced effect on the activity of MSPC-5 and properties of PE;(3). New MgCl_2-Supported Single-Site Catalysts for Ethylene PolymerizationIn this work, a kind of new MgCl_2 support was obtained by anhydrous MgCl_2 co-milled with solid MAO, and it is a creative contribution. Then some single-site catalysts were supported on the new MgCl_2 support, and the resulted solid catalysts were tested in ethylene polymerization, the results indicated that:1.XRD and IR analyses indicate that MAO does be coordinated with MgCl_2, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by XPS;2.co-mlling time had no obvious effect on the texture of support after 12 hours;3.In this work, MgCl_2 was co-milled with solid MAO for different hours, and then complex 3 was supported on these co-milled supports. It was found that co-milling time markedly influences the activity of solid catalysts, but it had negligible effect on the kinetic profile and the properties of resultant PE.

XPS研究结果表明，MAO不仅仅只和乙醇作用，MAO还与MgCl_2本身有一定的作用，这是一个极为重要的发现；3、通过ICP和EDX表征，发现载体的脱醇温度直接影响着元素在固体催化剂中的含量及分布；4、脱醇温度极大地影响着负载苯氧基亚胺类催化剂的活性和聚合物的性能，特别是原始载体经160℃活化4小时制备得到的固体催化剂MSPC-5的活性明显高于其他脱醇温度条件下制得的固体催化，并且催化剂寿命长，表现出稳定的动力学行为，最终获得了高堆密度(大于0.35g／ml)的球形聚乙烯颗粒；5、本文选择MSPC-5为研究对象，考察了聚合反应参数对催化剂的活性及其聚合物的影响，研究发现：不同的烷基铝对催化剂具有非常重要的影响，特别足TIBA对MSPC-5的助催化活性最高，烷基铝的加入量有一个较佳值，聚合温度为80度时活性最高，H_2的加入使催化剂的活性明显降低且聚合物的分子量也减小；、新型氯化镁载体负载单活性中心催化剂催化乙烯聚合本文创造性采用固体MAO与无水氯化镁直接进行共研磨，制备出了一种的新型的氯化镁载体，并将该载体用于多种单活性中心催化剂的负载化研究，研究表明：1、通过BET、XRD的表征，再次证实了MAO与MgCl_2之间具有直接作用，与XPS的研究结果相一致；2、当研磨时间高于12小时时，延长研磨时间对载体的结构没有显著的影响；3、将配合物3负载于共研磨时间不同的一系列载体上，乙烯聚合结果表明，尽管共研磨时间对负载催化剂的活性具有明显的影响，但是它对聚合物的性能以及催化剂的影响不明显。

Dealcoholization temperature markedly influences the surface area and porosity of the resultant MAO-supports. When the support was pretreated at lower or higher temperature, the corresponding MAO-support shows very low surface area; 2.XRD and IR analyses indicate that MAO has reacted with the residual ethanol in the supports, which is an important manner to get MAO fixed on the carrier. Morever, XPS analyse indicates that MAO can also be coordinated with MgCl_2, which is another way to get MAO fixed on the support; 3.ICP and EDX analyses indicate that dealcoholization temperature not only determined the element content on the solid catalyst, but also influences the element distribution on the carrier; 4.The activities of the supported phenoxy-imine catalysts and the properties of resultant polymers are strongly dependent on the dealcoholization temperature. The support (MSP-5) obtained by treating MgCl_2·2.56C_2H_5OH at 160℃for 4 h, then modified by MAO is very effective for immobilizing complex 3, the resultant solid catalyst (MSPC-5) shows very high activity in ethylene polymerization, and its kinetics of polymerization is stable during the reaction process. Finally, PEs with spherical morphology and high bulk density (over 0.35g/ml) were obtained, without reactor fouling; 5.In this work, polymerization conditions such as alkylaluminums, Al/Zr ratio, temperature and H_2 had a pronounced effect on the activity of MSPC-5 and properties of PE;(3). New MgCl_2-Supported Single-Site Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization In this work, a kind of new MgCl_2 support was obtained by anhydrous MgCl_2 co-milled with solid MAO, and it is a creative contribution. Then some single-site catalysts were supported on the new MgCl_2 support, and the resulted solid catalysts were tested in ethylene polymerization, the results indicated that: 1.XRD and IR analyses indicate that MAO does be coordinated with MgCl_2, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by XPS; 2.co-mlling time had no obvious effect on the texture of support after 12 hours; 3.In this work, MgCl_2 was co-milled with solid MAO for different hours, and then complex 3 was supported on these co-milled supports. It was found that co-milling time markedly influences the activity of solid catalysts, but it had negligible effect on the kinetic profile and the properties of resultant PE.

XPS研究结果表明，MAO不仅仅只和乙醇作用，MAO还与MgCl_2本身有一定的作用，这是一个极为重要的发现； 3、通过ICP和EDX表征，发现载体的脱醇温度直接影响着元素在固体催化剂中的含量及分布； 4、脱醇温度极大地影响着负载苯氧基亚胺类催化剂的活性和聚合物的性能，特别是原始载体经160℃活化4小时制备得到的固体催化剂MSPC-5的活性明显高于其他脱醇温度条件下制得的固体催化，并且催化剂寿命长，表现出稳定的动力学行为，最终获得了高堆密度(大于0.35g／ml)的球形聚乙烯颗粒； 5、本文选择MSPC-5为研究对象，考察了聚合反应参数对催化剂的活性及其聚合物的影响，研究发现：不同的烷基铝对催化剂具有非常重要的影响，特别足TIBA对MSPC-5的助催化活性最高，烷基铝的加入量有一个较佳值，聚合温度为80度时活性最高，H_2的加入使催化剂的活性明显降低且聚合物的分子量也减小；、新型氯化镁载体负载单活性中心催化剂催化乙烯聚合本文创造性采用固体MAO与无水氯化镁直接进行共研磨，制备出了一种的新型的氯化镁载体，并将该载体用于多种单活性中心催化剂的负载化研究，研究表明： 1、通过BET、XRD的表征，再次证实了MAO与MgCl_2之间具有直接作用，与XPS的研究结果相一致； 2、当研磨时间高于12小时时，延长研磨时间对载体的结构没有显著的影响； 3、将配合物3负载于共研磨时间不同的一系列载体上，乙烯聚合结果表明，尽管共研磨时间对负载催化剂的活性具有明显的影响，但是它对聚合物的性能以及催化剂的影响不明显。

Study result suggest: The change of stock in RFCCU directly affect gasoline content. Gasoline content can be reduced through increasing the equilibrium activity of catalyst, controlling reaction level, increasing recirculating rate of gasoline and stability of gasoline level. Conclusions drawn from experiment is that optimization of operating condition has great effect on lowering olefine content of gasoline which can be reduced from 60% to 50%.Reducing reaction temperature is useful for lowering olefine content of gasoline, when the reaction temperature is raised, thermal cracking rate is higher than catalytic cracking rate, so that olefine content is increased. Raising catalyst-to-oil ratio is good for lowering olefine content. With conversion rate increased, the yield of LPG and coke is raised, the yield of gasoline is increased firstly and then decreased slightly, hydrogen transfer index is increased, so the olefine content is decreased.

研究结果表明：催化裂化装置的原料的变化直接影响到催化汽油的烯烃含量；可以通过优化催化装置的操作条件来降低催化汽油中的烯烃含量，其中通过提高催化剂平衡活性、控制反应深度、增加汽油回炼量、汽油深度稳定可以降低催化汽油烯烃含量，优化工艺条件对降低催化汽油烯烃含量有较大作用，汽油烯烃含量由60％降至50％左右；降低反应温度有利于降低催化汽油的烯烃含量，当反应温度的提高，热裂化反应速度提高的幅度大于催化裂化反应速度提高的幅度，汽油烯烃含量增加；剂油比的提高有利于降低催化汽油的烯烃含量，转化率提高，液化气产率提高，汽油收率先增加后略有下降，焦炭产率增加，氢转移反应指数提高，汽油烯烃含量下降；反应时间对产品分布及汽油烯烃含量有影响，增加提升管反应时间，液化汽、汽油产率提高，干气和焦炭产率增加。

Also the performance of this modified electrode was compared with sodium molybdate modified platinum electrode. The cyclic voltammetry tests show that phosphomolybdic acid modified platinum electrode can increase the catalytic activity for methanol oxidation and it is almost the same as the mono-molybdate (Na2MoO4) modified Pt electrode does. This promote effect mainly comes from the transformation of different valency of molybdenum.

通过循环伏安和计时电流法研究了该修饰电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性和抗中间产物的毒化作用，并比较了该修饰电极与其单酸盐(Na2MoO4)修饰铂电极的性能，测试结果表明：磷钼酸修饰铂电极能够提高对甲醇氧化反应的催化活性，基本上同其单酸盐Na2MoO4修饰铂电极的催化活性相当，并且这种促进作用主要是由Mo原子价态变化引起的。

The present dissertation deals with:(1) Exploring the feasibility of the CO〓 methanation and the conversion CH〓/H〓 into C〓 hydrocarbons under plasma with catalyst at ambient temperature and atmosphere.(2) Designing a reactor and preparing some catalysts suited for the conversion of carbon dioxide via the cooperation effect of plasma and catalysts.(3) Optimizing reaction conditions of conversion carbon dioxide to C〓 hydrocarbons in the proposed process.(4) Studying the reaction mechanism of conversion carbon dioxide to C〓 hydrocarbons under plasma by using in situ OES technology.(5) By the results of characterizing coked catalysts, exploring the reasons that result in the coking of catalyst and the paths for decreasing the deposit in the catalyst under plasma.(6) Analyzing the energy efficiency of the plasma catalysis and exploring the paths for improving the energy efficiency.

论文的主要研究工作包括：（1）探索脉冲电晕等离子体与催化剂共同作用CO〓／H〓甲烷化和由CH〓/H〓合成C〓烃反应的可行性；（2）研制等离子体催化CO〓转化的反应器和适配的催化剂；（3）优化等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应的工艺条件和电参数；（4）利用原子发射光谱原位技术对等离子体反应的诊断结果，对等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应的机理进行推断；（5）通过对积碳催化剂的表征结果，分析积碳的类型及其成因，并探讨减少积碳的途径；（6）通过对等离子体催化CO〓转化制C〓烃反应能量效率的分析，探讨提高等离子体催化反应能量效率的途径。

On this basis, chosing 15w germicidal lamp with radiation centred at 253. 7nm or 15w blacklight fluorescent lamp with radiation centred at 365nm as the light source respectively, the destruction effects of trace impurities in water by photocatalytic oxidation method using TiO〓 as an immobile phase have been investigated, and the effects are contrasted with photolysis. The investigation is mounted into Phenol aqueous solution, Hydroquinone and Humic Acid aqueous solutions、three representative halohydrocarbons coexisting in main water、the comprehensive index removal of varied trace organic pollutants in main water、the removal of residual chlorine and the disinfecting action, etc..

在此基础上，选择主波长253.7nm的紫外线杀茵灯或主波长365nm的蓝黑管紫外线荧光灯作为光源，研究了TiO〓膜固定相光催化氧化法去除水中微污染物的效果，包括苯酚水溶液、对苯二酚水溶液和腐植酸水溶液的光催化氧化以及自来水中共存的三种典型的氯代烃水溶液三氯甲烷、四氯化碳和四氯乙烯的混合光催化氧化、自来水中有机物总体去除效果以及光催化去除自来水中余氯的作用和光催化的消毒作用等，并进行了光解对比实验。

The following main results are obtained: The TiO_2 photocatalyst with small crystallite size, high surface area, narrow and uniform pore size distribution, and microporous frameworks could be prepared out by applying MW radiation in the preparation process. The microwave-induced fluorescence technique verified for the first time that microwave enhanced the formation rate of hydroxyl radical, leading to the increase in the photocatalytic efficiency. Compared with the conventional catalyst, TiO_2 prepared by MW dielectric heating owns a higher UV absorption ability, and its optical absorption edge and photovoltaic response are shifted toward the short wavelength region, resulting in increase of photooxidation efficiency. The photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde are increased respectively by 30% and 40% over the TiO2 prepared by MW radiation when compared to the TiO2 prepared by the conventional heating. For the MW-assisted photocatalytic reaction over the MW-prepared TiO2, production of hydroxyl radicals is enhanced by 22.5%, and the photocatalytic conversion is accordingly increased by 20%. Similarlly, applying MW also increased the photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde over TiO2/Al2O3 sample.

论文得到如下主要结果和结论：(1)微波介电加热TiO_2 溶胶可得到晶粒度小、光催化活性高、比表面积大和孔径分布窄而均一，且微孔发达的TiO_2光催化剂；在溶胶干燥处理过程中微波可使催化剂表面缺陷增加，进而导致光催化反应过程有更多的活性羟基自由基产生；(2)微波制备能显著增强TiO_2 样品的紫外光吸收率，并使其光吸收和光伏响应阈值发生蓝移，从而提高TiO_2的氧化还原能力；(3)与常规加热法所制TiO_2比较，微波法制备的TiO_2对乙醛的光催化降解转化率提高30%，CO_2生成率提高40%以上；(4)与未加微波辐射时相比，发现在光催化反应过程中施加微波，TiO_2 的羟基自由基生成速率提高了22.5%，相应CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率提高了20%；对Al_2O_3/TiO_2催化剂，CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率甚至提高了33%，同时CO_2 的生成率也都大幅度提高；(5)微波辐射可改变光催化降解乙醛的产物分布，推断施加微波时乙醛光催化降解按照羟基自由基引发的链式反应机理进行，微波&非热效应&起主要作用。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！