假设检验

The artificial intelligence which reflectsdisembodied cognition attitudes has three unexamined philosophical assumptions------psychological assumption, epistemological assumption and ontological assumption.

在以无身认知思想为指导的人工智能研究背后，有三个未经检验的哲学假设：心理学假设、认识论假设和本体论假设。

Many of Stark's and Bainbridge's propositions are testable hypotheses that can and should inform research programs and serve as guides for discussion in courses and seminars.

斯达克和班布里奇的许多命题都是可检验的假设，这些假设能够也应该被告知研究项目并作为课堂和研讨班讨论的指南。

For Stark and Bainbridge, theory is supposed to explain data and generate empirically testable hypotheses which, when assessed, either falsify or support theory.

对斯达克和班布里奇来说，理论应该解释数据，并可产生实证性的可检验的假设。当这些假设被检验时，他们或者证伪或者支持这种理论。

NMath Stats contains a data table class with functions for computing descriptive statistics, such as mean, variance, standard deviation, percentile, median, quartiles, geometric mean, harmonic mean, RMS, kurtosis, skewness, and many more; PDF, CDF, inverse CDF, and random variable moments for a variety of probability distributions, including normal, Poisson, chi-square, gamma, beta, Student's t, F, binomial, and negative binomial; Combinatorial functions, such as factorial, log factorial, binomial coefficient, and log binomial; Multiple linear regression; Basic hypothesis tests, such as z-test, t-test, and F-test, with calculation of p-values, critical values, and confidence intervals; One-way and two-way analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measures; Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis.

nmath统计包含一个数据表的阶层与职能计算描述性统计，如平均，方差，标准差，百分位，中位数， 25 ％，几何平均数，调和的意思是，有效值，峭度，偏度，还有更多的； PDF格式，民防部队，逆民防部队，并随机变量矩的各种概率分布，包括正常，泊松，卡方检定，伽玛，测试版，学生的吨，男，二项式，并负二项分布；组合的功能，例如阶乘，日志阶乘，二项式系数，并登入二项式；多元线性回归；基本假设测试，如的Z测试， t检验， F检验，计算p值，临界值，和置信区间；之一，双向和双方法方差分析和方差分析与反复的措施；多元统计分析，包括主成分分析和聚类分析。

Firstly, reviewing and commenting on foreign and domestic literature about nonrecurring gains and losses; secondly, analyzing the definition and characteristics of nonrecurring gains and losses and the reason to form nonrecurring gains and losses; following, examining the research hypothesis using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis and regression of price and return model, furthermore optimizing the price model and return model through adding year variable and district variable which was divided according the return of the extraordinary items as dummy variables in the empirical research part.

文章先对国内外关于非经常性损益的研究现状进行回顾与述评；其次对我国关于非经常性损益的界定及其形成动机进行了分析；紧接着实证部分采用描述性统计、相关分析和运用价格模型和收益模型进行回归分析，对本文提出的研究假设进行检验，并加入年度虚拟变量和按照非经常项目利润率进行划分的区间虚拟变量对价格模型和收益模型进一步优化，使线性回归方程的拟合优度R2得到显著提高，利用优化后的模型对研究假设进一步检验。

A large number of document read, recapitulative summarize; Supposing he key point of technological ability, market ability and organizational ability, through making investigation and researching datum to support the validity of supposition; then sum up the evaluation index on outsourcing decision-making.

大量的文献阅读，概括性的总结影响资源外包决策的主要因素；假设技术能力，市场能力，组织能力是关键所在，并借助对不同行业不同外包类型企业的调研数据，对假设开展效度检验，信度检验，实证性的支持所得结论；最终归纳得到影响资源外包决策的评价指标。

The paper is structured as follows: section 1 provides an introduction of practical background, research issues, related notion, research framework, research method and innovation points. Section 2 presents related literature review and comments. Section 3 focuses on the research on the factors of industrial environment and networking backgrounds which influencing dualistic-innovation of clustered firms, and puts forward the hypothesizes; Section 4 is the empirical research that inspect and verify the authenticity of hypothesis proposed in section 3; section 5 concentrates on research on coordination mechanism of dualistic-innovation for clustered firms; section 6 is another empirical research that exam the theoretical derivation of section 4; followed by section 7, the conclusion and suggestion for government policy and further research.

论文的主要内容如下：第一章是绪论，介绍研究的现实背景、研究问题、x相关概念、研究框架、研究方法和创新点等；第二章是对文章所涉及的创新领域研究文献的回顾与评述；第三章是网络视角的集群企业二元式创新的影响因素研究，分析影响集群企业二元式创新活动的产业环境和网络环境的关键因素及其作用机制，并提出相应的命题假设；第四章是对应的实证分析，检验上一章提出的二元式创新影响因素的命题假设成立与否；第五章是网络视角的集群企业二元式创新的协调方式研究，提出相应的协调模型和具体的运行机制；第六章同样是对应性的实证分析，检验集群企业二元式创新协调方式的理论推导；第七章是结论、建议与未来的研究展望。

Using augmented Dickey-Fuller test, the result shows that BDI logarithm series is nonstationary but the first difference is stationary, i. e. it is integrated of order one. High-level ARCH effect was certification in the BDI logarithm series by ARCH LM test, and GARCH (1, 1) model was used to eliminate the conditional heteroscedasticity. Through variance ratio test, the result shows, that the random walk hypothesis of BDI logarithm series can be rejected and international dry bulk shipping market is inefficient.

运用ADF检验方法对BDI的对数序列进行平稳性和单整检验，结果证明BDI对数序列是一个非平稳过程，经一阶差分后是平稳过程，即BDI对数序列是一阶单整过程；通过ARCH LM检验认为BDI对数序列存在高阶ARCH效应，并用GARCH(1，1)模型消除了残差序列的条件异方差性；通过方差比检验法对国际干散货航运市场的收益率序列进行了检验，结果显示BDI的对数序列的随机游走假设被拒绝，国际干散货航运市场不是一个有效的市场。

Several SP2 mutant plants were obtained from induced Impatiens balsamina L.seeds by space flight,and their blades were investigated in this paper.The writer calculated the K-S statistics and the levene statistics,also made use of SPSS 11.5 to have the independent-samples t test and the univariate in the prerequisite of some fundamental presumptions.

对航天诱变凤仙花SP2代若干单株的叶片长度和宽度进行了统计分析，对试验数据进行了柯尔莫哥罗夫-斯米尔诺夫检验，计算了样本的列文统计量，并采用Spss 11.5统计分析软件检验了基本假设的满足条件，进行了独立样本t检验。

Materials and Methods: There were 91 prostate cancer patients included in this study. We analyzed the characteristics of each item of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-PR25 by CTT and IRT. The infit statistics of Rasch model was used to examine the unidimensionality of each domain, and also evaluate the item difficulty, the range of item threshold, item targeting and the reliability of the two questionnaires. Furthermore, patients were measured before therapy and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the start of therapy and then compared each health-related quality of life score of the post-therapy groups with the baseline scores. Finally, the item psychometric properties were examined for different groups stratified by age and disease severity.

材料与方法：本研究共计收案91名摄护腺癌患者，利用传统测量与项目反应理论（item response theory， IRT）比较分析问卷各题目的特质，以适合度指标检验各向度是否符合单一向度的假设，并检验每一题目的难度、门槛值范围、适中性，以及问卷的信度；然后，再检验各题目在治疗前后、不同疾病严重度或不同年龄族群中之心理计量特质是否相同。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。