假设

The probabilistic detection of subliminal channels mainly under Bernoulli test with binomial distribution is studied. Some results of the security of many-time-used channels in hypothesis test model based on relative entropy are obtained. 6. The schemes to avoid the subliminal channels are summarized and compared with each other.

给出了一次使用信道的安全条件，研究了随机性的统计检测方法，主要是贝努利试验二项分布情况下的统计检测，给出了基于相对熵的假设检验模型下关于多次使用信道安全性的一些结果。

We also studied the capacity of Newton channel. 5. The security conditions of one-time-used channels are given. The probabilistic detection of subliminal channels mainly under Bernoulli test with binomial distribution is studied. Some results of the security of many-time-used channels in hypothesis test model based on relative entropy are obtained.

给出了一次使用信道的安全条件，研究了随机性的统计检测方法，主要是贝努利试验二项分布情况下的统计检测，给出了基于相对熵的假设检验模型下关于多次使用信道安全性的一些结果。

After comparing the two type of tests,we came to some conclusions.The tests based on binomial test can be regarded as some kind of permutation tests under certain definition of "permutaton".If the tests are related to statistics,then whether they can be viewed as permutation tests depends on if the value of the probability,p,is known where p is the population parameter in the null hypothesis.For tests like Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit test,since the statistics is calculated based on empirical distribution function,hence no matter how we repermutate the observations,the order statistics is the same.This kind of tests can't be regarded as permutation tests.

我们得到的结论为：在一般的无母数检定中，如果检定与binomial test相关，基本上都可以视作排列检定的一种；与卡方检定相关的检定，基本上和p值已知或是未知有关，这个p值为原始假设下所要检定的母体机率值；其他检定如Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit test，由於统计量的值是根据empirical distribution function决定，而不论如何重新排列样本，其顺序统计量都不变，所以无法视为一种排列检定。

Now a biologist at Johns Hopkins says that can't be true.

霍普金斯大学的生物学家称，这种假设是不真实的。

This research confirmed that 2, 3-diaminopropionate is one of the presume precursors of Zwittermicin A biosynthesis.

进一步支持了2，3-二氨基丙酸是Zwittermicin A生物合成的直接前体物之一的假设。

Here, we present a simple application to display the image stored in raw format, with the following assumptions: the bit depth is 16 bits per pixel, and the width and height of the image are identical.

在这里，我们提出一个简单的应用软件来显示图像存储在原始格式，以下假设：位深度为16位每像素，宽度和高度的形象是一致的。

It is therefore unreasonable to expect to be able to predict bitumen resp

因此，不合理的期望能够预测沥青回应载入中从一个简单的假设弹性的行为。

It is therefore unreasonable to expect to be able to predict bitumen response to loading from a simple assumption of elastic behavior.

因此，不合理的期望能够预测沥青回应载入中从一个简单的假设弹性的行为。

The safety margin of every slice is assumed to be normal distribution and the safety margin of two next slices is bivariate normal distribution.

将滑动面上的土体按等弧长划分为n个土条，假设每个土条的安全余量服从正态分布，相邻两个土条的安全余量则服从二元正态分布，根据土条破坏传播的概率，计算土坡渐进破坏的概率以及土坡中裂缝开展长度的期望值，并对算例的结果进行了讨论。

Events,Operation and Relation of Sets, Classical Probability, Geometrical Probability , Statistical Stability of a Frequency, Axioms of Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability Theorem, Bayes' Rule,Independent Events,Independent Repeated Trials, One Dimensional Random Variables, Discrete Random Variables, Distribution Function of a Random Variables , Continuous Random Variables, Normal Distribution, Distribution of a Function of a Random Variable, Multidimensional Random Variables, Joint Distribution Function, Marginal Distribution Function,Discrete Two—Dimensional Random Variables,Continuous Two—Dimensional Random Variables, Independent Random Variables, Distribution of Functions of Random Variables,Expectation,Variance, Covariance, Coefficient of Correlation, Bivariate Normal Distribution, Law of Large Numbers, The Central Limit Theorems, Sample and Population ,Chi—Squared, T and F Distributions , Sampling Distributions , Point Estimation , Interval Estimation , Testing Hypotheses , A Test of Significance for Parameters in a Single Sample From a Normally Distributed Population , A Test of Significance for Parameters in Two Sample From Normally Distributed Populations .

本课程的主要内容：概率的概念与运算、随机变量及其分布、随机变量的数字特征与极限定理、数理统计的基本概念、估计和检验的基本方法，随机事件与概率随机事件、事件的关系与运算、几何概率、统计概率等，条件概率、全概率公式、贝叶斯公式、事件的独立性、二项概率公式，随机变量的概念、离散型随机变量、随机变量的分布函数、连续型随机变量、随机变量函数的分布，多维随机变量及其分布函数、边缘分布函数、随机变量的独立性、二维随机变量函数的分布，数学期望、方差、协方差和相关系数、大数定律、中心极限定理，总体与样本， X 2-分布、 t-分布和 F-分布，统计量及抽样分布，假设检验的基本概念、单个正态总体参数的显著性检验、两个正态总体参数的显著性检验。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。