假定

This procedure is exactly what structural sociologists have criticized in Parsonian sociology--the relegation of the specifics of individual relations to a minor role in the overall conceptual scheme, epiphenomenal in comparison with enduring structures of normative role prescriptions deriving from ultimate value orientations.

行为者的行动来源於他们所谓的角色地位和角色环境，因此我们必须承认工人与监督者、丈夫与妻子、或者罪犯与法律制裁者彼此互动，但是这些关系并不能被假定为具有个性化、超越已有的被定义的角色内容。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- wher the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- where the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

Most of the literature on bank runs takes the asset side of the bank activities as given and assumes that the bank's returns are determined by an exogenously given production function.

大多数有关银行挤兑的文献将银行经营的资产部分作为给定的，并假定银行收益是由外生给定的生产函数决定的。

The firms in our evolutionary theory will be treated as motivated by profit and engaged in search for ways to improve their profits, but their actions will not be assumed to be profit maximizing over well-defined and exogenously given choice sets.

在我们的演进理论中，企业被认为受利润所驱动，致力于寻求各种方式以增加它们的利润，但它们的行动并不是被假定为是在明确界定的、且由外部决定的选择集合中所做的利润最大化行为。

Exogenously determined market risk price might conflict to the no-arbitrage assumption.

外生给定的市场风险价格有可能与无套利假定之间存在内在冲突。

Assuming that the restoring force is the exponential function of the displacement and that the non-linearity is weak, a direct expression is adopted instead of Bouc-Wen differential model. Furthermore, a power series expression by the polynomial of the displacement is educed using Thaler's expandedness.

文中提出采用直接表示形式代替Bouc-Wen的微分模型，在弱非线性情况下，假定滞回恢复力可以表示为相对变形位移的指数形式，并进一步用泰勒展开的方法表示为简单的多项式形式。

Thus NEB are postulated to function as O2 sensitive airway sensors involved in respiratory control, especially during adaptation to extrauterine life.

这些NEB被假定具有氧敏感气道传感器的功能，涉及呼吸控制，特别是在生命初生的适应过程中。

The operation of alleged selection pressures is here neither an object of study nor even a falsifiable proposition but rather an article of faith.

这样假定的选择性压力的运作就既不是一个研究对象，甚至也不是一个可证伪的命题，只不过是一个关於忠诚的条款罢了。

It must be something that happens to those winter-born aion power leveling children that accounts for their faring poorly.

此前大多数这类研究的一个重要假定是，冬天出生的孩子与其他时候出生的孩子具备同样的背景。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。