值分布

After determining the control equation and defined problems for infiltration, redistribution and evaporation, implicit finite difference method was used for ponded infiltration, semi-infinite soil redistribution and semi-infinite evaporation. The calculated results agreed well with measured data.

9在确定了入渗、再分布及蒸发的控制方程及定解问题基础上，采用隐式差分格式对垂直一维积水入渗、半无限土体再分布及半无限土体蒸发进行了数值模拟，与计算结果对比表明，计算值与实测值比较符合。

In the single crystal of C60 with a FCC structure,positron mainly appears outside the C60 molecule.The main annihilation space is the interspace between molecules.The calculated positron bulk lifetime in C60 is 352ps, which agrees with experiment value of 356ps in literature.In carbon nanotube bundles with different dimeters,as the diameter of carbon nanotubes increases,the main space where positron appears changes from the interspace of carbon tubes to the space inside carbon tubes,the radio between positron annihilation with valence eletrons and core eletrons becomes larger,the positron bulk lifetime in carbon nanotube increase rapidly first and come to be a constant at the end.The calculated positron lifetime of carbon nanotube with a dimeter of 0.8～1.6ns is 332～470ps,which agrees with the experiment value of 394ps.Positron annihilation has been studied in widly used compound semiconductors.

计算结果表明：在片层结构的石墨晶体中，正电子主要在石墨层间的空隙中湮没，计算出的石墨中的正电子寿命为208 pS，与文献中的实验结果215 ps符合很好；在金刚石单晶中，正电子主要在碳原子之间的空隙中存在并发生湮没，计算出的金刚石中的正电子寿命为115 ps，文献中的实验结果110 ps左右符合；在面心立方结构的C60晶体中，正电子主要在C60分子球壳内外侧及分子之间存在，C60球形分子中心正电子分布很少，正电子的湮没区域集中在C60分子之间的空隙区域，计算出的C60中的正电子寿命为352 ps与文献中的实验结果356ps相符合；对于不同管径碳米管束中的正电子分布，随着碳纳米管直径的增加，碳纳米管束中的正电子由主要在碳纳米管管间的区域出现转变为主要在碳纳米管管内中心的区域出现：碳纳米管束中的正电子与碳原子的价电子的湮没概率变得越来越大，与核心电子的湮没概率变得越来越小；碳纳米管束中正电子的湮没寿命先迅速增大，而后趋于一定值。

Active component was easier enrichment to the surface of support and egg-shell distribution formed with the thickness of egg-shell more thinly under higher ph value of impregnation solution.

其中浸渍液pH值愈高，金属愈容易在载体表面富集，形成蛋壳型分布，且其壳层厚度愈薄；添加竞争吸附剂，可得到Pd或Pt在载体中呈蛋壳型、蛋白型、蛋黄型或均匀型几种不同均匀分布构造。

According to the relation of the heat capacity, the thermal conductivity, the thermal expansion coefficient and the elastic modulus of the laser medium, the distribution and the variation of the temperature and the thermal stress in laser medium were got.

考虑热容值、热导率、热膨胀系数和弹性模量等与温度的关系，得到激光介质的温度分布和变化，以及热应力的分布和变化。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

The phytoplankton community was mainly composed of Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Chlorophyceae, and the dominant species were Oscillatoria subtillissima, Dactylococcopsis irregularis, Euglena caudata, Melosira granulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Chlorella vulgaris, and Scenedesmus quadricauda. The main environmental factors affecting the distribution of phytoplankton species in July were ammonium-nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and total phosphorus, while those in September were pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and total nitrogen. Water transparency and zooplankton were the main factors affecting the biomass of Cryptophyceae, Pyrrophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae; while nitrogen, phosphorous, and dissolved oxygen were the main factors affecting the biomass of Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Chlorophyceae.

结果表明：调查期间共鉴定出浮游植物384种，隶属于8门，浮游植物密度范围为2.01×105～57.60×105 cells·L-1；群落组成以蓝藻、裸藻、硅藻和绿藻为主，主要优势种有细微颤藻、无常蓝纤维藻、尾裸藻、颗粒直链藻、梅尼小环藻、普通小球藻、四尾栅藻等；7月影响浮游植物分布的主要环境因子依次为铵态氮、溶解氧、水温和总磷，而9月的pH值、水温、溶解氧、透明度和总氮含量对浮游植物的分布产生影响较大；其中，透明度和浮游动物量是影响隐藻、甲藻和硅藻藻类生物量的主要环境因子，而蓝藻、裸藻、绿藻主要受水体氮磷营养盐浓度和溶解氧的影响。

Under the same nominal bond strength, newly devised model achieved much evener stress distribution with the peak stress level positioned in the middle area of upper edge.

在相同表观强度的剪切加载中发现：新建的方形均匀截面模型在应力分布上明显优于传统的剪切测试模型，模型的上边缘应力分布平滑连续且应力最大值位于边缘中央区域。

In POT model, it used the technique of parameter estimator stability, making up for the limits of the currently popularly-used Mean Excess Function e, and the threshold quantitatively selected by Kurtosis Method has also been achieved, and solving the problem the illustration method couldn't be applied to.

特别是，在BMM模型中充分地考虑了子区间极值一般极限分布与极值序列极限分布之间的关系，测度了受子区间长度影响的极值VaR；在POT模型中运用参数估计量稳定性法弥补了目前普遍采用的样本平均超出量函数e法的不足，针对一些图解法无法适用的问题，实现了峰度法对阈值的定量选取，并对指数回归模型法、子样本自助法、序贯法等定量法进行了分析探讨。

In Chapter 5, considering the uncertain returns of securities as fuzzy numbers which follow an exponential possibility distribution function, we give a semi-definite programming method to solve the non-linear problem in estimating the exponential possibility distribution function process. Furthermore, we extend the center spread model proposed by Tanaka and Guo to the case of a frictional financial market.

第五章将证券收益率看作是服从指数可能性分布的模糊数，提出了证券收益指数可能性分布估计过程中求解非线性问题的半正定规划方法，并且将Tanaka和Guo的中心差值可能性投资组合模型扩展到了带摩擦的金融市场的情况。

Thus, 8 groups of reliability indexes are derived which are thereliability indexes of primary and adjunctive combination under normal and intensivecar operation status when mobile load effect belongs to extreme value typeⅠdistribution and normal distribution respectively.

其中，分别考虑了荷载的基本组合和附加组合，汽车荷载服从正态分布和极值Ⅰ型分布，汽车运行一般运行状态和密集运行状态，然后经过综合比较分析得出了钢桥常用的两种钢材在强度极限状态下的目标可靠指标建议值。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。