值

In real option pricing, it is impractical to assume the present value of expected cash flow payoff as an exact number because it is a forecast one. Generally, the number is regarded as a triangular or trapezoidal fuzzy number to give its estimated interval values and the Black-Scholes (abbreviated as B-S) formula is used to price the real option.

针对实物期权定价中预期现金流收益的现值是个预测值，而采用精确值给出不太合理的问题，分析了三角模糊数或梯形模糊数给出它的区间估计值，并利用Black-Scholes公式为之定价的方法。

The globe kinetics model can be described by an exponential equation, which was fitted very well with experiment data and the error was within 7%.

结果表明，当初始pH值为7.5、反应时间为120min时，质量浓度为25mg/L的表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠的去除率为97％，且DBS降解的反应动力学模型可用幂指数方程描述，该模型计算值与试验值吻合较好，误差在7％以内。

As for the factitiously specified allowable values,such as allowable deflection,allowable amount of wear,and so on,their magnitudes,which are confirmed on the basis of empirical formula,often have an interval value or a limit value,therefore they can be described suitably by minor type membership function, As for various strength values of parts,such as tensile strength,compression strength,contact strength and so on,their magnitudes,which are often confirmed only by approximate mean,can be described suitably with middle type membership function.

对于人为规定的各种许用值，如许用挠度值、许用磨损量等，根据经验公式确定它们的大小时往往有一个区间或一个极限值，宜用偏小型隶属函数描述，对于零件的各种强度值，如抗拉强度、抗压强度、接触强度等，实际中往往只能确定其近似的均值，宜用中间型隶属函数描述。

It is the first important step in video analysis and will directly affects the effectiveness of indexing Shot boundary detection is one of our major research interests and we will tackle the following existing problems the ambiguity between gradual change and camera motion, the discontinuity during gradual change, false detection caused by illumination variation and flashlight, automatic threshold selection Firstly, we discuss shot boundary detection in non-compressed domain In chapter 2, we compare some of the commonly used detection methods which are based on frame difference and point out that single feature will not generate good results As a conclusion, we use fuzzy logic to combine multiple features Presently, most frame difference based shot boundary detection algorithms rely on threshold and hence the selection of such thresholds will greatly affect the performance of boundary detection We propose a membership function to define frame difference and calculate the membership with self adaptation according to the statistic distribution of frame differences to satisfy different type of video clips Experiments show that the proposed fuzzy shot boundary detection algorithm can be used with different video types and has a high detection precision and recall In chapter 3, we discuss model-based shot boundary detection algorithms regarding chromatic and spatial editing effects such as fade-in, fade-out, dissolve and wipe Various parameters are proposed to better describe the characteristics of each editing type.

镜头边界的检测是把视频自动地分割为一个个镜头，作为基本的索引单元，因此它是视频分析重要的第一步，直接影响到视频检索的成败。镜头边界的检测是本文研究的重点之一。目前镜头边界检测算法主要存在以下问题：渐变与镜头运动难以区别；渐变过程中的不连续与停顿、光照条件的变化及闪光灯等特殊情况会引起误检测；自动选择阈值比较困难等。本文首先针对非压缩域视频进行了镜头边界检测的研究。在第二章中我们采用了比较流行的基于帧间差的方法。在比较各种帧间差计算方法的基础上，指出使用单一的特征难以取得很好的检测效果，提出用模糊逻辑综合使用各种特征。目前大多数基于帧间差的镜头边界检测算法都采用阈值法进行镜头转换的判别。阈值选择的误差对检测性能有较大的影响，本文提出用隶属度函数定义帧间差较大、中等较大和较小等概念，并根据帧间差的统计分布自适应地确定隶属度，以适应不同类型的视频片断。实验结果表明这种基于糊逻辑的镜头边界检测算法可以适应不同的视频，并具有较高的检测精度和检出率。在第三章中采用基于模型的方法进行镜头渐变的检测，研究了淡入／淡出、慢转换和扫换的模型。

Analysis for testability is widely used in DFT and test pattern generation, but most testability analysis algorithms have the shortcoming of either inaccuracy or being too complicated. A new method to calculate the signal probabilities of the nodes in IC is pre-sented in Chapter 7 of this dissertation. The signal probabilities by our method is more exact than by the previous ones. A symbol of the signal probability at the fan-out node is created and is propagated to the RFON (Reconvergent Fan-out Nodes). At the RFON, the expression containing the symbol is simplified using the rule which corresponds to the law of identity in Boolean algebra. After the expression is simplified, the symbol is substituted with its numeric value. Theoretical analysis shows that this method is concise and has a low computing complexity.

可测试性分析在可测试性设计和测试生成中都有着广泛的应用，然而大部分的可测性分析方法都存在不精确或者过于复杂的毛病，在第七章中作者提出了一种新的计算IC电路节点的信号概率值的符号算法，该算法得出的信号概率值比用以往的算法法得出的要更准确，也更简洁，针对电路中的扇出节点重汇聚现象，我们在每一个扇出节点定义了一个信号概率的符号，在以后的计算中一直使用该符号参与计算，直到该符号传播至重汇聚处，利用一定的规则把含符号的表达式化简，再将符号的真实值代入，在计算符号概率的过程中定义了一个和布尔代数中的同一律相对应的运算规则，通过该运算规则，使得信号概率的结果更加准确，符号算法具有简洁方便，计算复杂度小的特点 4。

You can also see that the values in the first four columns are multiplied with the source red, green, blue, and alpha values, respectively—while the fifth column value is added.

看到，第一行的各值决定了红色的值，第二行是绿色，第三行是黄色，第四行是透明度——第五列的值是增量。

If the output image is in CMYK images for printing we recommend a Gamma value of 1.8; if the image is in RGB color mode of the device output, such as other displays and film recorder or an RGB printer, the gamma value is generally set to 2.2; If the image is used to a different application or platform for output, the Gamma value of 1.8 has a much wider applicability.

如果负入图像是用于印刷的CMYK图像倡导拔取Gamma值为1.8；如果图像不兵在RGB色彩模式的撤备上负不入（如其他的表现器，胶片记录仪或RGB打印机），Gamma值凡是撤定为2.2 ；如果图像用到其他的答用步调或平台举行负入，1.8的Gamma值则具有更普及的适用性。

The ADWM filter has the features of directional filter, which is especially effective at preserving edges, and the features of center weighted median filter, which can reduce random noise, and moderate amounts of impulsive noise also, to some extent, as well as preserve the details via adaptively determining the weight of the center pixel according to the lowest variance of pixels within all the sub-windows.

ADWM滤波器既有定向滤波器的特征，也有中心加权中值滤波器的特征。定向滤波器可以有效保持边缘，而中心加权中值滤波器对减少随机噪声尤其有效，同时也能在一定程度上减少冲击噪声的数量，并根据子窗口内像素的最低方差自适应地调整中心像素的权值以保持图像的细节。

The ADWM filter has the features of directional filter, which is especially effective at preserving edges, and th e features of center weighted median filter, which can reduce random noise , and moderate amounts of impulsive noise also, to some extent, as well as p reserve the details via adaptively determining the weight of the center pixe l according to the lowest variance of pixels within all the sub-windows.

ADWM滤波器既有定向滤波器的特征，也有中心加权中值滤波器的特征。定向滤波器可以有效保持边缘，而中心加权中值滤波器对减少随机噪声尤其有效，同时也能在一定程度上减少冲击噪声的数量，并根据子窗口内像素的最低方差自适应地调整中心像素的权值以保持图像的细节。

Firstly, those useless to classify texts are filtered according the category document frequency distribution difference of each feature; and then in order to overcome the limitations of TF-IDF weighting formula a novel weighting formula called TF-CDF is presented . Calculate the weight of each feature according to TF-CDF and build the Vector Space Model for the entire corpus. To select significant features, a feature selection approach based on Variable Precision Rough Set is also proposed and implement with some SQL sentences combining the definitions of VPRS with the advantages of SQL sentences.

该文首先根据特征词的类别分布差异进行特征过滤；然后，分析传统的权值公式TF-IDF的缺点，采用改进的权值计算公式简记为TF-CDF，依据TF-CDF公式计算每个特征词的权值，生成文档集的向量空间模型VSM；接着，提出了一种基于可变精度粗糙理论的特征选择进一步选择对分类贡献度大的特征，并用SQL实现。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新