值

After comparing the two type of tests,we came to some conclusions.The tests based on binomial test can be regarded as some kind of permutation tests under certain definition of "permutaton".If the tests are related to statistics,then whether they can be viewed as permutation tests depends on if the value of the probability,p,is known where p is the population parameter in the null hypothesis.For tests like Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit test,since the statistics is calculated based on empirical distribution function,hence no matter how we repermutate the observations,the order statistics is the same.This kind of tests can't be regarded as permutation tests.

我们得到的结论为：在一般的无母数检定中，如果检定与binomial test相关，基本上都可以视作排列检定的一种；与卡方检定相关的检定，基本上和p值已知或是未知有关，这个p值为原始假设下所要检定的母体机率值；其他检定如Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit test，由於统计量的值是根据empirical distribution function决定，而不论如何重新排列样本，其顺序统计量都不变，所以无法视为一种排列检定。

Having discussed Wallis'interpolation in great detail, the paper shows that Wallis mainly relied on incomplete induction and analogical inference to obtain his results, an approach which was key to the creation of many important algorithms during the considered period. A comparison between Wallis'method and previous interpolations is then made and the influence of Wallis' thinking style embodied in his interpolation on Newton's invention of binomial theorem is clearly revealed.

通过考察沃里斯的插值过程，指出沃里斯插值法完全是借助于不完全归纳和类比推理得到的，并与过去的插值法做了比较，最后分析了沃里斯插值法对牛顿发明二项式定理的影响。

Consider the dependencies between the coefficients and their parents, a non-Gaussian bivariate distribution is given, and corresponding nonlinear threshold function is derived from the model using Bayesian estimation theory. According to non-subsampled Contourlet transform and bivariate threshold function, a novel Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform based on Bivariate threshold function for image denoising is proposed. This scheme achieves enhanced estimation results for images that are corrupted with additive Gaussian noise over a wide range of noise variance.

该文依据非下采样Contourlet分解系数与其父系数之间的相关性，给出非高斯双变量分布，对该模型应用Bayes估值理论推导得到相应的非线性双变量阈值函数，综合非下采样Contourlet分解和双变量阈值函数，提出一种基于双变量阈值的非下采样Contourlet变换图像去噪方法。

The model includes that the relationship between median diameter, as well kinetic energy, of raindrop and rainfall intensity obeys logarithmic function, the critical slope degree of soil erosion is 38.4°～43.0° in test area and the best multiple index of rainfall erosivity value is /100. Employing the prediction model, the soil erodibility value, the accelerated value of excavation slope, roadbed slope, construction site, borrow pit, service road and other temporary occupation land and the loss-spoil ration of waste pile were examined. Finally, the integrated soil and water conservation measures in highway construction project have been suggested.

从而建立了凉山州天然降雨雨滴中数直径与雨强的关系和降雨强度与动能的关系，分析了高速公路引起水土流失的侵蚀性降雨标准、侵蚀转折坡度及不同流失区流失量的大小关系，给出了高速公路水土流失预测模式中降雨侵蚀力尺值的最佳复合指标，估算出路堤边坡、路堑开挖边坡、路基、临时施工用地、取土场、便道和其它临时占地的可蚀性K值、加速侵蚀系数A值以及的弃土场的流弃比B值，最后针对高速公路不同防治区水土流失特点提出了相应的综合防治措施。

It can be expressed mathematically as the product of the density of the rock, the height relative to sea level or another reference, and a constant, in units of mGal: Strictly interpreted, the Bouguer correction is added to the known value of gravity at the reference station to predict the value of gravity at the measurement level.

严格说来，在参考点的已知重力值上加上布格校正可以预测在测量高度上的重力值。真实值和预测值之间的差是重力异常，重力异常是由测点下方的真实地球和参考模型之间的密度差异引起的。

In addition, the facts in the subsequent experiments give a more clear scenario about the process: branching pathways and more than one kind of product coexisted in the system. As a result, PCCH, TeCCH and DCCD are determined as the detectable intermediate, the isomers of TCB and DCB and CB are the final products.

苯也可能为最终产物之一。pH值是影响转化速率的一个重要因素，实验结果表明随着pH值增加，反应速率随着增加，但相关性不如单纯的水解反应密切，而且相对来说，高pH值有利水解产物的形成，低pH值有利还原产物的形成。

For the Riemann boundary value problems for the first order elliptic systems , we translates them to equivalent singular integral equations and proves the existence of the solution to the discussed problems under some assumptions by means of generalized analytic function theory , singular integral equation theory , contract principle or generaliezed contract principle ; For the Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problems for the first order elliptic systems , we proves the problems solvable under some assumptions by means of generalized analytic function theory , Cauchy integral formula , function theoretic approaches and fixed point theorem ; the boundary element method for the Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problems for the generalized analytic function , we obtains the boundary integral equations by means of the generalized Cauchy integral formula of the generalized analytic function , introducing Cauchy principal value integration , dispersing the boundary of the area , and we obtains the solution to the problems using the boundary conditions .

对于一阶椭圆型方程组的Riemann边值问题，是通过把它们转化为与原问题等价的奇异积分方程，利用广义解析函数理论、奇异积分方程理论、压缩原理或广义压缩原理，证明在某些假设条件下所讨论问题的解的存在性；对于一阶椭圆型方程组的Riemann-Hilbert边值问题，利用广义解析函数理论、Cauchy积分公式、函数论方法和不动点原理，证明在某些假设条件下所讨论问题的可解性；广义解析函数的Riemann-Hilbert边值问题的边界元方法是利用广义解析函数的广义Cauchy积分公式，引入Cauchy主值积分，通过对区域边界的离散化，得到边界积分方程，再利用边界条件得到问题的解。

The diffraction theory of Kirchhoff is applied to the four-pinhole aperture diffraction screens, the intensity, the zero-contour of the real and imaginary parts of complex amplitude and the phase distribution in deep Fresnel diffraction region are simulated, and it is found that the bright spots in interference field show central symmetry distribution. When the observation plane close to the diffraction screen, the zero-value points of light intensity can form line segment, on which the eccentricities of the light intensity isoline are close or equal to 1, the intensity changes very fast on both sides of the zero-line of light intensity.

利用基尔霍夫衍射理论计算了四圆孔径衍射屏在菲涅尔深区形成的的干涉光场的强度、零值线和相位的分布，发现干涉光场亮斑关于中心呈对称分布，在距离衍射屏较近的观察面上，光强值为的零点组成光强零值线段，该线段上光强等值线的离心率都接近或等于1，其两侧的光强值变化非常剧烈。

Concerning deinked pulp, the model between pulp reflect ratio at 840nm or 940nm and the ERIC value are presented basing on the normal method ERIC950. After the model is calibrated by the OMG and ONP reflect experiments and by simulationg lacal deinked pulp circular system, the correlation coefficient is 94.6%. The function between pulp factual brightness and 460nm reflective ratio is also developed and the correlation coefficient is 94.5%.

内的概率达92.8%；对于脱墨浆，以ERIC950为基准，建立了纸浆840nm或940nm反射因数与ERIC值之间的函数关系，分别用OMG和ONP浆片的反射因数对模型的参数进行了整定，模型与残余油墨含量真实值线性相关性达94.6%；建立了纸浆真实亮度值与纸浆460nm反射因数之间的函数关系，纸浆亮度测量模型与真实值线性相关系数达94.5%。

First, it was to obtain two binary images from segmenting image by two thresholds. Second, erosion, opening and closing were done to the two images according to some knowledge of the shape and location of the objects in the image that we have already known. Last, the edge information from the image segmented by a high threshold was put into the image segmented by a low threshold. It is the way to segment and discern circular objects accurately from the complex image and can greatly improve the accuracy rate of discerning.

首先分别根据两个阈值进行分割得到两幅二值图像，然后根据目标是圆形以及其大致位置等先验知识分别对两幅图进行腐蚀，开启，闭合等数学形态学运算，将高阈值分割得到的图像中的边界信息叠加到低阈值分割得到的图像中，实现对复杂背景图像中圆形物体的准确分割与提取，解决了复杂背景图像中物体识别率低的问题。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。